An insight into the sensitivity of maize to photoperiod changes under controlled conditions

Response of maize to photoperiods affects adaption of this crop to environments. We characterize the phenotypes of four temperate‐adapted maize foundation parents, Huangzao 4, Chang 7‐2, Ye 478 and Zheng 58, and two tropically adapted maize foundation parents, M9 and Shuang M9 throughout the growth stage under three constant photoperiod regimes in a daily cycle of 24 h at 28 °C, and analysed expression of 48 photoperiod response‐associated genes. Consequently, long photoperiod (LP) repressed development of the tassels of photoperiod‐sensitive maize lines at V9 stage, and caused subsequent failure in flowering; failure of photoperiod‐sensitive maize lines in flowering under LP was associated with lower expression of flowering‐related genes; photoperiod changes could make a marked impact on spatial layout of maize inflorescence. The larger oscillation amplitude of expression of photoperiod‐responsive genes occurred in LP‐sensitive maize lines. In conclusion, failure in development of tassels at V9 stage under LP is an early indicator for judging photoperiod sensitivity. The adaptation of temperate‐adapted maize lines to LP is due to the better coordination of expression among photoperiod‐sensing genes instead of the loss of the genes. High photoperiod sensitivity of maize is due to high expression of circadian rhythm‐responding genes improperly early in the light.     

苹果蠹蛾头部感器的电镜扫描结构

本文使用扫描电镜系统观察并描述了苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)成虫及幼虫触角上及口器上的感器。主要研究结果如下:1)苹果蠹蛾成虫触角背面密布鳞片,感器很少,腹面和侧面鳞片稀疏,具大量感器;2)触角上的感器大部分分布于鞭节各节,少部分分布于柄节和梗节;3)雄虫触角上着生10种感器,雌虫触角上着生9种感器,与雄虫相比,雌虫缺少鳞形感器;4)雄虫口器具鳞形感器和刺形感器,雌虫口器仅具刺形感器;5)幼虫触角3节,基节无感器,第2节具2刺形感器且其分布位置存在个体差异,端节端部具呈三角状排列的3个栓锥感器;6)幼虫口器具一定数量和不同形态的感器。     

脯氨酸测定方法的改进

25mg·mL-1的酸性茚三酮溶液至少可以保存35 d,它与同体积脯氨酸充分反应的最大浓度为156μg·mL-1,当样品提取液的浓度大于100μg·mL-1时,需适当稀释.酸性茚三酮与脯氨酸充分显色的时间至少30 min沸水浴.     

犊牛前胸腺素α基因在大肠埃希菌中的表达及活性分析

以RT-PCR法扩增犊牛前胸腺素α基因(prothymosin-α,ProT-α),与原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1连接生成重组质粒pGEX/ProT-α,再将重组表达质粒转化大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)。重组菌经IPTG诱导后表达的GST-ProT-α融合蛋白主要存在于细菌裂解液中。SDS-PAGE电泳表明,GST—ProT-α融合蛋白表达量较高,分子量为38 ku;Western-blot和动物细胞试验表明,该产物能与胸腺素α1抗体发生特异性免疫反应,并可显著提高小鼠脾细胞增殖率和NK细胞杀伤活性。     

外源茉莉酸诱导的菜豆叶片生化抗性及其对西花蓟马体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响

为探讨外源茉莉酸诱导的菜豆叶片抗性及对西花蓟马体内酶活性的影响,在室内对菜豆植株分别喷施1、0.1、0.01和0.001 mmol·L^-1 4个浓度的茉莉酸,以健康植株为对照,分别于处理后1、5和10 d测定菜豆叶片营养物质及次生物质的含量.另在同样处理叶片上分别接西花蓟马2龄若虫,分析其体内保护酶和解毒酶活性的变化.结果表明: 不同浓度茉莉酸处理1 d后,菜豆叶片的蛋白质含量和健康植株没有明显差异,但在5和10 d时显著低于健康植株;菜豆叶片游离氨基酸含量在茉莉酸处理1 d后显著高于健康植株,之后逐渐降低;茉莉酸处理下菜豆叶片可溶性糖含量显著低于健康植株,并随着茉莉酸浓度的升高和处理时间的延长而进一步下降;叶绿素含量在处理1 d后显著降低,随着处理时间的增加逐渐升高.叶片单宁、黄酮和总酚的含量在不同浓度茉莉酸和处理时间下均显著高于对照.蓟马取食导致菜豆叶片生化物质含量的变化与外源茉莉酸诱导的相似.西花蓟马取食茉莉酸处理的菜豆植株24 h后,体内保护酶系(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶)和解毒酶系(谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、羧酸酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶)均明显高于健康植株,但茉莉酸浓度与处理时间对其影响程度不同.取食虫害菜豆叶片后西花蓟马体内酶活性的变化与取食外源茉莉酸诱导的叶片相似.说明外源茉莉酸处理可诱导菜豆植株的抗性,西花蓟马取食处理后的菜豆叶片可产生明显的反防御来适应寄主植物的变化.     

蕾后期和花前期切花菊品种'神马'不同部位叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的比较

对蕾后期和花前期切花菊(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)品种'神马'('Jinba')不同部位叶片光合作用参数日变化、叶绿素荧光参数、光响应曲线及参数进行了研究.结果表明:蕾后期和花前期品种'神马'叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和净光合速率(Pn)的日变化均为单峰曲线,峰值出现在10:00或12:00;胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的日变化则先降低后升高,谷值出现在12:00.蕾后期和花前期品种'神马'叶片Tr、Ci和Gs值的平均值总体上随叶片位置降低而逐渐升高;蕾后期不同部位叶片Pn值的平均值差异较小,花前期叶片Pn值的平均值则随叶片位置降低而逐渐降低.随着叶片位置降低,蕾后期和花前期品种'神马'叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、表观量子效率(AQE)和最大净光合速率(Pmax)以及蕾后期的暗呼吸速率(Rd)均逐渐降低,而花前期的Rd值以及蕾后期和花前期的光补偿点(LCP)均逐渐升高.随着光合有效辐射(PAR)升高,蕾后期不同部位叶片以及花前期中部叶和下部叶的Pn值呈先急剧升高后趋于平稳的变化趋势,而花前期上部叶的Pn值则呈先急剧升高后逐渐下降的变化趋势.研究结果显示:在切花菊设施栽培过程中适当补充光照可提高切花菊品质.     

不同处理菜豆植株对西花蓟马体内解毒酶活性的影响

为明确植物的诱导抗性对西花蓟马体内酶活性的影响,通过西花蓟马取食、机械损伤、外源茉莉酸和水杨酸甲酯诱导处理菜豆植株,研究西花蓟马2龄若虫取食不同处理菜豆植株后,其体内多功能氧化酶(MFO)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(TChE)的变化。结果表明,西花蓟马2龄若虫取食不同处理的菜豆后,体内多功能氧化酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性变化相同,均是在24 h和36 h显著低于取食健康植株的。除取食茉莉酸处理的西花蓟马体内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性在24 h受到显著抑制外,西花蓟马若虫取食水杨酸甲酯、蓟马危害后体内的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性均高于对照,取食机械损伤处理的西花蓟马体内酶活性在不同取食时间下均与对照差异不显著。取食蓟马危害和茉莉酸处理的西花蓟马虫体羧酸酯酶活性在6 h和36 h均受到显著抑制,而取食机械损伤和水杨酸甲酯诱导的西花蓟马体内酶活性只有在36 h受到明显抑制。以上结果说明外源因子诱导的植物抗性能够干扰西花蓟马体内解毒机制,削弱了其对有毒次生物质的解毒代谢功能。     

The role of nitric oxide in cancer

Nitric oxide (NO) is a pleiotropic regulator, critical to numerous biological processes, including va-sodilatation, neurotransmission and macrophage-mediated immunity. The family of nitric oxide synthases(NOS) comprises inducible NOS (iNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS), and neuronal NOS (nNOS). Interest-ingly, various studies have shown that all three isoforms can be involved in promoting or inhibiting theetiology of cancer. NOS activity has been detected in tumour cells of various histogenetic origins and hasbeen associated with tumour grade, proliferation rate and expression of important signaling componentsassociated with cancer development such as the oestrogen receptor. It appears that high levels of NOSexpression (for example, generated by activated macrophages) may be cytostatic or cytotoxic for tumorcells, whereas low level activity can have the opposite effect and promote tumour growth. Paradoxicallytherefore, NO (and related reactive nitrogen species) may have both genotoxic and angiogenic properties.Increased NO-generation in a cell may select mutant p53 cells and contribute to tumour angiogenesis byupregulating VEGF. In addition, NO may modulate tumour DNA repair mechanisms by upregulating p53,poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). An understand-ing at the molecular level of the role of NO in cancer will have profound therapeutic implications for thediagnosis and treatment of disease.     

13种卫矛科植物杀虫活性研究

研究了13种卫矛科植物根皮的39种提取物对3龄粘虫幼虫(Mythimna sepamte Walker)的杀虫活性。胃毒处理表明6种植物有麻醉活性,7种植物有毒杀活性,触杀处理表明仅2种植物的3种提取物有触杀活性。对玉米象(Sitophiuls zeamais Motschulsky)的种群抑制处理表明,13种植物的36种提取物对玉米象种群有一定程度的抑制作用,但总体上低于文献报道的苦皮藤乙醚提取物的活性。