Neurobiological mechanisms of the meridian and the propagation of needle feeling along the meridian pathway

The present experiments attempt to find the meridian phenomenon and how the needle feeling propagates along the given meridian channels. The neurobiological mechanisms of the meridian were studied with neuroelectrical recording from the motor neurons and CB-HRP retrograde histochemistry technique in both rats and cats. The results demonstrated that most, but not all, of alpha motor neurons supplying a muscle group of a given meridian were selectively activated by afferent inputs originating not only from homonymous or heterogeneous, but synergistic muscle, but also from the skin nerve overlying the muscle group of the homonymous meridian. However, the afferent inputs from the heterogeneous meridian have very weak or no effect. On the other hand, the labeled motor neurons supplying a given meridian muscles form a discrete longitudinal column with a definite bound in the lateral ventral horn. There are oriented dendro-dendristes projections between the labeled motor neurons.The characteristics of both sel     

Dynamic changes of mechanically activated channels and K+ channels at injury site of peripheral nerve in rat

Ectopic ion channels developed locally at the injury site after nerve damage by light ligation around common sciatic nerve of the rats. Different channel types have different processes of formation, accumulation and degeneration. During the first three days after injury, mechanically activated channels that are modulated by Ca++ channel activities first appeared. As the nerve fibers begin to be excited by TEA, a blocker of K+ channels, suggesting that the accumulation of K+ channels, the responsibility of mechanically activated channels was declining. Onset of K+ channels was from the 3rd postoperative day and lasted up to the fiftieth day. This time course of K+ channel development was closely related to allodynia and hyperalgesia of neuropathic animal behaviour. The results suggest that chronic contraction injury induces a dynamic change in the ectopic mechanically activated channels and K+ channels at the injury site of nerve and there is an interchange in the development time courses of the mechanic     

刺激家兔中脑导水管周围灰质抑制束旁核伤害性放电的脊髓上机制

本工作比较了家兔脊髓背侧1/2进行横切前后刺激中脑中央灰质对束旁核伤害性放电的抑制率的改变。实验表明中央灰质既可通过公认的脊髓下行纤维抑制脊髓水平的痛传递,减弱束旁核单位的痛敏放电,也可通过某种脊髓上机制实现对束旁核的抑制。我们对这两种机制的相对重要性作了分析。用直11个束旁核痛敏单位所作的计算表明,在脊髓切割前,刺激中央灰质可使束旁核痛敏放电抑制67.5%,脊髓背侧1/2横切后,同样的中脑刺激只能使痛敏放电抑制42.9%。如以切割前的抑制率作为直100%,则切割可使抑制减弱36.5%,这一部分抑制应当是由被切断的脊髓下行纤维实现的,其余63.5%则可能主要通过脊髓上机制来实现。考虑到脊髓背半部横切不可能全部切断下行纤维,故实际上脊髓上机制的重要性不会有上述数值表示的那么大。     

A Brief Contact with Early Embryonic Cells Induces the Differentiation of Embryonal Carcinoma Cells

An assay system was developed to detect a switch of mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells to the pathway for normal cell differentiation after a brief contact with normal embryonic cells. The system consisted of (1) the mixed aggregation of AT805 EC cells with 8-cell stage mouse embryos, (2) the stationary culture of the mixed aggregates into blastocysts and (3) the cell culture of inner cell masses isolated from chimeric blastocysts containing EC cells at 2, 3 and 4 days after the initiaion of chimeric aggregation. The number of foci of EC cells which appeared in the cultures of inner cell masses was decreased with a length of contact of EC cells with normal embryos as the mixed aggregates. After 4 days' contact, only fibroblastic and epithelial cells appeared in most cultures of inner cell masses. Examination of isozyme markers of GPI revealed that such cell cultures consisting of nonmalignant cells contained cells of tumor origin. Thus, it was concluded that a brief exposure to the environment of normal embryos can regulate the tumor cells to differentiate into non-malignant cells. This conclusion was substantiated by comparing the pattern of protein spots of the tumor cells with that of non-malignant cells of the tumor origin by two dimensional gel electrophoresis.     

裂新蚤的厘订及雄性形态描述（蚤目：多毛蚤科）

本文将裂新蚤Neopsylla schismatosa Li,1980改订为特新蚤裂亚种N.specialis schismatosa Li,1980,并首次记述其雄性,同时对雌性形态作了补充。     

赤眼蜂的产卵行为

赤眼蜂能在多种宿主卵中产卵寄生,并且还具有在人工物体上产卵的习性。Holloway早在1912年即观察到秋葵植物汁滴干燥结膜后,广赤眼蜂(Trichogramma evanescen)企图在其表面产卵。Salt(1935)观察到赤眼蜂有企图将产卵器插入玻璃珠,水银滴,植物种子等表面的行为。Hagen等(1965)试制人工蜡卵饲喂草蛉幼虫时,偶然发现赤眼蜂可以产卵在这种蜡卵内。近年来,Rajendram和Hagen(1974)曾用上述蜡卵引诱赤眼蜂产卵于盐水或氨基酸溶液内。总之,赤眼蜂可在不少的非天然的宿主或物体上产卵,并且所报道产过卵的物体都是球形的。Salt(1937)认为决定赤眼蜂产卵的因素是化学感觉,夜蛾中促使赤眼蜂产卵的物质是22—25碳的直链烷烃成分。但影响产卵行为的各种因素尚缺乏详细的分析。     

三北工程黄土高原丘陵沟壑区森林降温增湿效果研究

生态系统可通过植被蒸腾与土壤蒸发作用调节区域温度与湿度。三北工程黄土高原丘陵沟壑区属于干旱和半干旱区,森林降温增湿功能有助于改善区域生存环境。在分析研究区森林覆被变化基础上,利用Penman-Monteith公式模拟了森林实际蒸散量,研究了森林增湿与降温效果。研究结果显示:(1)1980—2015年研究区森林面积增加了2.25%,主要来自荒草地、耕地和荒漠;(2)1980—2015年研究区森林6—9月实际蒸散总量为1.19×10~(10)—1.40×10~(10) t/a,平均实际蒸散量为219—257 mm,可使区域6—9月绝对湿度每日增加0.47—0.55 g/m~3,相对湿度每日增加2.87%—3.32%;(3)森林通过蒸散作用吸热量为29.15×10~(15)—34.26×10~(15) kJ/a,单位面积蒸散吸热量为53.72×10~8—63.13×10~8 kJ hm~(-2) a~(-1),通过蒸散吸热日降温量为0.92—1.08℃/d;(4)研究区森林蒸散量在1980—2010年逐渐增加,但在2015年明显下降,这主要是由降水减少导致;森林面积较大的山西和陕西森林蒸散降温增湿效果较好。通过对比相同年份不同土地覆被发现,森林实际蒸散量显著高于其他土地覆被类型。因此,未来研究区可在水资源承载能力范围内适当增加森林面积,充分发挥森林调节区域气候的作用。     

油菜FBA基因克隆、表达分析及其与抗旱性的关系

为了解果糖-1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶(fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase,FBA)在油菜抗旱中的作用,揭示油菜干旱胁迫下FBA基因表达量、光合指标、产量等之间的关系,为油菜等作物抗旱性鉴定和抗旱性改良提供依据。以抗旱性强的甘蓝型油菜94005为材料,在初花期进行干旱胁迫处理,以正常浇水作为对照;测定叶片光合参数和FBA酶活性,通过实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)分析FBA基因的表达量;采用RACE方法对FBA基因进行全长克隆,并对测序结果进行生物信息学分析;复水后生长至成熟期测定产量,分析产量、光合指标、FBA基因表达量等之间的关系。结果表明,随着干旱的加剧,油菜叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、产量均下降,FBA活性和FBA基因的表达量上升。在轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫下,油菜叶片胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)显著下降,水分利用率(WUE)上升;极度胁迫下,Ci上升,WUE下降;油菜产量、净光合速率与FBA活性和FBA表达量呈显著负相关。FBA基因全长序列1440bp,ORF(开放阅读框)位于60—1172区域,编码370个氨基酸;蛋白分子量为38.51 KDa,等电点6.92;同源性对比显示,甘蓝型油菜FBA基因与拟南芥FBA基因的一致性在87%以上。二级结构预测结果表明FBA蛋白由α-螺旋、无规则卷曲、延伸链以及β-转角组成,4种二级结构元件所占比例分别为43.85%、31.28%、17.60%、7.26%。因此,干旱胁迫下油菜的净光合速率下降、产量降低,随着胁迫的加剧,降低幅度增大。FBA基因与干旱胁迫密切相关,干旱胁迫下,FBA基因主要通过抑制光合、降低蒸腾、促进糖酵解和有氧呼吸等途径来提高植物对干旱胁迫的适应性。     

退耕还林还草工程对陕北地区生态系统服务价值时空演变的影响

基于陕北地区1990、2000、2015年土地利用数据,运用单位面积生态系统价值当量因子法、格网法、探索性空间数据法（ESDA）,分析了退耕还林还草工程实施前后生态系统服务价值（ESV）的空间分布和演化规律,探讨了退耕还林还草工程对ESV的影响。结果表明：（1）陕北地区退耕还林还草工程实施效果显著,工程实施后共有297066.15 hm2耕地转化为林地和草地,林草覆盖率由57.33%增长至60.50%。（2）退耕还林还草工程使得陕北地区ESV得到了显著提升。25年间陕北地区ESV共增加了32.82亿元,ESV在工程实施后比工程实施前多增加了5.93亿元,增长主要源于退耕引起林地和草地面积的增加。（3）ESV空间分布上呈显著的“南高北低”分布格局,并表现出正向的集聚性和依存性,ESV热点区和冷点区集聚效果明显,热点区集聚与林地、草地的空间分布相吻合,冷点区集聚与未利用地、耕地和建设用地的空间分布相吻合。（4）受退耕还林还草工程影响,陕北地区中部中等等级和次高ESV分布区域逐渐增大、次热点区空间集聚性逐渐增强,北部次低等级和低等级ESV分布区域逐渐减少、冷点区空间集聚性逐渐减弱。整体而言,陕北地区土地利用类型转移和ESV的增减变化与推行退耕还林还草工程在时间上相呼应、在空间上相匹配,退耕还林还草工程实施使得陕北地区生态环境得到了有效改善,ESV得到了显著提升。