腹腔镜诊断子宫内膜异位症并联合药物治疗不孕症157例分析

目的:探讨运用腹腔镜诊断子宫内膜异位症,并观察通过手术联合药物治疗子宫内膜异位症的临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析157例子宫内膜异位症患者腹腔镜手术联合药物治疗后的临床资料.结果:不同期别子宫内膜位异症患者术后联合用药后完全缓解率为84.7%,半年复发率为1.9%,半年妊娠率为59.2%.结论:子宫内膜异位症腹腔镜手术后联合用药可有效降低复发率,提高受孕率.     

婴幼儿外伤性基底节脑梗塞的观察与护理

目的:降低婴幼儿外伤性基底节脑梗塞的致残率.方法:对2007年1月至2009年12月收治的36例婴幼儿外伤性脑梗塞病例,进行病情观察,并提出相应的护理措施.结果:按GOS标准评定,治愈31例,轻残4例,重残1例,无死亡病例.结论:婴幼儿自身特点是婴幼儿外伤后发生基底节梗塞的主要机制,临床上表现为轻微的头颅外伤后,逐渐出现一侧肢体瘫痪,CT、MRI检查可明确诊断,早期综合治疗及配合积极的护理和功能锻炼,可取得较好疗效.     

卡托普利对高血压大鼠动脉血管平滑肌细胞内质网相关因子葡萄糖调节蛋白78和C/EBP同源蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究卡托普利对早期高血压大鼠动脉血管平滑肌细胞内质网相关因子葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose-regulated protein of 78kd,GRPT8)和C/EBP同源蛋白(CAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein,CHOP)表达的影响.方法:将18只成年雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和卡托普利组(n=6),模型组和卡托普利组均采用大鼠腹主动脉结扎建立高血压大鼠模型.4周后测量血压,应用免疫组化方法检测主动脉血管平滑肌细胞GRP78和CHOP的表达;缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测细胞凋亡.结果:(1)模型组平均动脉压(mean arterial blood pressure,MAP)明显增加,卡托普利组血压低于模型组,高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);(2)模型组内质网因子GRP78、CHOP表达均增加,卡托普利组GRP78、CHOP表达低于模型组,高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);(3)模型组血管平滑肌细胞凋亡率减少,卡托普利组血管平滑肌细胞凋亡率高于模型组,低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论:卡托普利可降低高血压大鼠动脉血管平滑肌细胞GRP78和CHOP的表达,增加细胞凋亡.可能与其减弱高血压所致内质网反应,维持血管平滑肌细胞的增殖/凋亡平衡有关.     

Characterization and mapping of a novel mutant sms1 （senescence and male sterility 1） in rice

Plant senescence plays diverse important roles in development and environmental responses.However,the molecular basis of plant senescence is remained largely unknown.A rice spontaneous mutant with the character of early senescence and male sterility (sms) was found in the breeding line NT10-748.In order to identify the gene SMS1 and the underlying mechanism,we preliminarily analyzed physiological and biochemical phenotypes of the mutant.The mutant contained lower chlorophyll content compared with the wild type control and was severe male sterile with lower pollen viability.Genetic analysis showed that the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene.By the map-based cloning approach,we fine-mapped SMS1 to a 67 kb region between the markers Z3-4 and Z1-1 on chromosome 8 using 1,074 F2 recessive plants derived from the cross between the mutant sms1 (japonica) × Zhenshan 97 (indica),where no known gene involved in senescence or male sterility has been identified.Therefore the SMS1 gene will be a novel gene that regulates the two developmental processes.The further cloning and functional analysis of the SMS1 gene is under way.     

The phylogeny of Orthoptera inferred from mtDNA and description of Elimaea cheni （Tettigoniidae： Phaneropterinae） mitogenome

The complete 15,831 bp nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome from Elimaea cheni(Phaneropterinae)was determined.The putative initiation codon for cox1 was TTA.The phylogeny of Orthoptera based on different mtDNA datasets were analyzed with maximum likelihood(ML)and Bayesian inference(BI).When all 37 genes(mtDNA)were analyzed simultaneously,the monophyly of Caelifera and Ensifera were recovered in the context of our taxon sampling.The phylogeny of Orthoptera was largely consistent with previous phylogenetie hypotheses.Rhaphidophoridae to be a sister group of Tettigoniidae,and the relationships among four subfamilies of Tettigoniidae were(Phaneropterinae+(Conocephalinae+(Bradyporinae+Tettigoniinae))).Pyrgomorphidae was the most basal group of Caelifera.The relationships among six acridid subfamilies were(Oedipodinae+(Acridinae+(Gomphocerinae+(Oxyinae+(Calliptaminae +Cyrtacanthaeridinae))))).However,we did not recover a monophyletic Grylloidea.Myrmecophilidae clustered into one clade with Gryllotalpidae instead of with Gryllidae.ML and BI analyses of all protein coding genes(using all nucleotide sequence data or excluding the third codon position,and amino acid sequences)revealed a topology identical to that of the entire mtDNA genome dataset.However,22 tRNAs genes excluding the DHU loop and T()C loop(TRNA),and two rRNA genes(RRNA)perform poorly when analyzed as single dataset.Our results suggest that the best phylogenetie inferences were ML and BI methods based on total mtDNA.Excluding tRNA genes,rRNA genes and the third codon position of protein coding genes from dataset and converting nucleotide sequences to amino acid sequences do not positively affect phylogenetic reconstruction.     

螺旋粉虱对不同波长发光二极管的趋光反应

螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus disperses Russell是很多果树和观赏植物的重要害虫.本文应用六角体装置研究了螺旋粉虱成虫对6种波长发光二极管(LED)的趋性反应,这些LED分别为:紫(405 nm);蓝(461 nm);绿(519 nm);黄(570 nm);红(650 nm)和红外(850 nm).结果表明紫光LED(405 nm)对螺旋粉虱的吸引率显著高于其它波长的LED,两性间没有显著的差异.短波长较长波长的可见光对螺旋粉虱更具吸引力.研究结果可为提高灯诱对螺旋粉虱的吸引率提供依据.     

DNA barcoding provides distinction between Radix Astragali and its adulterants

Based on variable nuclear and/or organellar DNA sequences among vastly divergent species as well as morphologically indistinguishable species, DNA barcoding is widely applicable in species identification, biodiversity studies, forensic analyses, and authentication of medicinal plants. The roots of Astragalus membranaceus and A. membranaceus var. mongholica are commonly used as Radix Astragali in several Asian countries, including China, Japan, and Korea. However, in addition to the two species recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, there are twenty-three species from different genera including Astragalus, Oxytropis, Hedysarum, and Glycyrrhiza, which have been used as adulterants not only in trading markets but also by the herbal medicine industry. Therefore, a simple, reliable, and accurate classification method is important for distinguishing authentic Radix Astragali from its adulterants. In this study, we acquired data for 37 samples from four related genera within the family Fabaceae. Then we compared four candidate DNA barcoding markers using ITS, matK, rbcL, and coxI sequences from nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial genomes, all commonly used for plants to identify genetic variations among genera, intraspecies, and interspecies. We observed higher divergences among genera and interspecies for ITS, which have the average Kimura 2-parameter distances of 4.5% and 14.1%, respectively, whereas matK was found to have sufficient divergence at the intraspecific level. Moreover, two indels detected in the matK sequence are useful for PCR studies in distinguishing Radix Astragali from its adulterants. This study suggests that the combined barcoding regions of ITS and matK are superior barcodes for Radix Astragali and further studies should focus on evaluating the applicability and accuracy of such combined markers for a wide range of traditional Chinese herbs.     

Parents' Knowledge about Enterobiasis Might Be One of the Most Important Risk Factors for Enterobiasis in Children

To know the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infection and what are the most important risk factors, we evaluated the incidence and risk factors of enterobiasis among children attended in kindergartens in Busan metropolitan city, Republic of Korea. A total of 1,674 children from 21 kindergartens in 11 of 16 autonomous districts of Busan were evaluated for E. vermicularis infection by the cellotape anal swab technique. The overall egg-positive rate for E. vermicularis was 10.7% (179/1,674), and the prevalence of enterobiasis in each kindergarten ranged between 0% and 32.4%. There was an increasing tendency of the egg positive rate according to the population density; the higher the population density communities had, the higher egg-positive rate for E. vermicularis was detected (P = 0.001). Among personal hygiene factors involving children, thumb-sucking (P = 0.036) and fingernail-trimming (P = 0.024) were highly associated with enterobiasis. In addition, taking anthelmintic medications against E. vermicularis infection was strongly associated with enterobiasis (P = 0.014). Moreover, parents'' knowledge of enterobiasis was correlated significantly with the incidence of enterobiasis of their children (P = 0.006). In conclusion, we need to consider not only personal hygiene but also parents'' knowledge about enterobiasis as a factor in order to develop new strategies for elimination or to complete reduction of enterobiasis in Korea.     

The glabra1 Mutation Affects Cuticle Formation and Plant Responses to Microbes

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a form of defense that provides resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens in plants. Previous work indicates a role for plastidial glycerolipid biosynthesis in SAR. Specifically, mutations in FATTY ACID DESATURASE7 (FAD7), which lead to reduced trienoic fatty acid levels and compromised plastidial lipid biosynthesis, have been associated with defective SAR. We show that the defective SAR in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) fad7-1 plants is not associated with a mutation in FAD7 but rather with a second-site mutation in GLABRA1 (GL1), a gene well known for its role in trichome formation. The compromised SAR in gl1 plants is associated with impairment in their cuticles. Furthermore, mutations in two other components of trichome development, GL3 and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1, also impaired cuticle development and SAR. This suggests an overlap in the biochemical pathways leading to cuticle and trichome development. Interestingly, exogenous application of gibberellic acid (GA) not only enhanced SAR in wild-type plants but also restored SAR in gl1 plants. In contrast to GA, the defense phytohoromes salicylic acid and jasmonic acid were unable to restore SAR in gl1 plants. GA application increased levels of cuticular components but not trichome formation on gl1 plants, thus implicating cuticle, but not trichomes, as an important component of SAR. Our findings question the prudence of using mutant backgrounds for genetic screens and underscore a need to reevaluate phenotypes previously studied in the gl1 background.Plants have evolved a large array of defense mechanisms to resist infection by pathogens. Upon recognition, the host plant initiates one or more signal transduction pathways that activate various plant defenses and thereby prevent pathogen colonization. In many cases, resistance is associated with increased expression of defense genes, including the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) in the inoculated leaf. Induction of these responses is accompanied by localized cell death at the site of pathogen entry, which can often restrict the spread of pathogen to cells within and immediately surrounding the lesions. This phenomenon, known as the hypersensitive response, is one of the earliest visible manifestations of induced defense responses and resembles programmed cell death in animals (Dangl et al., 1996; Gray, 2002; Glazebrook, 2005; Kachroo and Kachroo, 2006). Concurrent with hypersensitive response development, defense reactions are triggered in sites both local and distal from the primary infection. This phenomenon, known as systemic acquired resistance (SAR), is accompanied by a local and systemic increase in SA and jasmonic acid (JA) and a concomitant up-regulation of a large set of defense genes (Durrant and Dong, 2004; Truman et al., 2007; Vlot et al., 2009).SAR involves the generation of a mobile signal in the primary leaves that, upon translocation to the distal tissues, activates defense responses resulting in broad-spectrum resistance. The production of the mobile signal takes places within 3 to 6 h of avirulent pathogen inoculation in the primary leaves (Smith-Becker et al., 1998), and the inoculated leaf must remain attached for at least 4 h after inoculation for immunity to be induced in the systemic tissues (Rasmussen et al., 1991). Mutations compromising SA synthesis or impairing SA, JA, or auxin signaling abolish SAR (Durrant and Dong, 2004; Truman et al., 2007, 2010). SAR is also dependent on the SALICYLIC ACID-BINDING PROTEIN2 (SABP2)-catalyzed conversion of methyl SA to SA in the distal tissues (Kumar and Klessig, 2003). Recent studies have suggested that methyl SA is the mobile signal required to initiate SAR in distal tissues in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum; Park et al., 2007) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; Liu et al., 2010), although another group reported a disparity in their findings related to the role of methyl SA in Arabidopsis (Attaran et al., 2009). Notably, the time point of requirement of SABP2 activity (between 48 and 72 h post inoculation; Park et al., 2009) does not coincide with the early generation and/or translocation of the mobile signal into distal tissues (within 6 h post inoculation).The mutations acyl carrier protein4 (acp4), long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase2 (lacs2), and lacs9, which are impaired in fatty acid (FA)/lipid flux (Schnurr et al., 2004; Xia et al., 2009), also compromise SAR (Xia et al., 2009). Detailed characterization has shown that the SAR defect in acp4, lacs2, and lacs9 mutants correlates with their defective cuticles. Analysis of the SAR response in acp4 plants has shown that these plants can generate the mobile signal required for inducing SAR but are unable to respond to it. It is likely that the defective cuticle in these plants impairs their ability to perceive the SAR signal, because mechanical abrasion of cuticles disrupts SAR in wild-type plants (Xia et al., 2009). This SAR-disruptive effect of cuticle abrasion is highly specific, because it does not alter local defenses and hinders SAR only during the time frame during which the mobile signal is translocated to distal tissues.SAR is also compromised in plants that contain a mutation in glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Nandi et al., 2004). The glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GLY1) reduces dihydroxyacetone phosphate to generate glycerol-3-phosphate, an obligatory component and precursor for the biosynthesis of all plant glycerolipids. Consequently, a mutation in GLY1 results in reduced carbon flux through the prokaryotic pathway of lipid biosynthesis, which leads to a reduction in the hexadecatrienoic (16:3) FAs (Miquel et al., 1998; Kachroo et al., 2004). Carbon flux and SAR are also impaired in plants containing mutations in FATTY ACID DESATURASE7 (FAD7; Chaturvedi et al., 2008). The FAD7 enzyme desaturates 16:2 and 18:2 FA species present on plastidial lipids to 16:3 and 18:3, respectively. Consequently, the fad7 mutant plants accumulate significantly reduced levels of trienoic FAs (16:3 and 18:3). Compromised SAR in mutants affected in certain plastidial FA/lipid pathways has prompted the suggestion that plastidial FA/lipids participate in SAR (Chaturvedi et al., 2008). Such a tempting conclusion is also favored by the fact that SAR requires the DIR1-encoded nonspecific lipid transfer protein, which is required for the generation and/or translocation of the mobile signal (Maldonado et al., 2002). In addition, azelaic acid, a dicarboxylic acid, was recently shown to prime SA biosynthesis and thereby SAR (Jung et al., 2009). The fact that azelaic acid is derived from oleic acid, a FA well known for its role in defense (Kachroo et al., 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008; Chandra-Shekara et al., 2007; Jiang et al., 2009; Venugopal et al., 2009; Xia et al., 2009), further suggests that FA/lipids might participate in SAR.This study was undertaken to reexamine the role of the FA/lipid pathways in SAR and to determine the nature of the FA/lipid species mediating SAR in fad7-1 plants. Our results show that impaired FA/lipid flux is not associated with compromised SAR in fad7-1 plants but, rather, with an abnormal cuticle, which is the result of a nonallelic mutation in the GLABRA1 (GL1) gene. Besides GL1, other mutations affecting trichome formation also compromised cuticle and thereby SAR. A compensatory effect of exogenous GA on gl1 plants suggests that GA might participate in resistance to bacterial pathogens by restoring cuticle formation.