小麦籽粒不同部位的矿质元素组成与其含量差异

采用X-射线能谱仪测定非糯与糯性等品种小麦籽粒不同部位的矿质元素组成(H和He元素除外)和含量的结果表明:小麦籽粒中除含有大量C、O外,皮层富含K、P、se,其次是Cl、Si、S、Mg和Ca等;糊粉层富含P、K和Mg,其次是Si、Se、S、Ca、Cl和Fe等;胚乳层中相应的矿质元素含量比皮层和糊粉层低。不同品种籽粒各部位的矿质元素含量存在遗传性差异。据此认为籽粒磨成粉时应减少糊粉层的损失,以提高面粉的矿质价值。     

The formation of improved tetraploid population of red crucian carp × common carp hybrids by androgenesis

Bisexual fertile diploid androgenetic individuals (A0) (2n=100) were formed by androgenesis. In this way, the diploid spermatozoa from male allotetraploid hybrids (AT) (4n=200) of red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var.) (♀) × common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) (♂) were used to fertilize the UV-treated hap- loid eggs of goldfish (Carassius auratus), and living androgenetic diploid fish were developed. The A0 became sexually mature at the age of 2 years, and they fertilized with each other to form their offspring (A1). In this study, we observed the chromosomal number, gonadal structure and appearance of A1 fish. The results are as follows: (1) In A1, there were 85% tetraploids (A1-4n), 10% triploids (A1-3n) and 5% diploids (A1-2n), suggesting that diploid A0 could produce diploid gametes. It was concluded that the formation of diploid gametes generated from diploid A0 was probably related to the mechanism of pre-meiotic endoreduplication. (2) Among A1, only A1-4n possessed normal ovaries and testes. The mature males of A1-4n produced white semen. Under the electron microscope, the head of diploid sperm generated by A1-4n was bigger than that of haploid sperm generated by red crucian carp. In the testes of the A1-4n, there were many mature normal spermatozoa with a head bearing plasma mem- brane and a tail having the typical structure of "9 2" microtubules. Between the head and the tail, there were some mitochondria. The ovaries of A1-4n developed well and mainly contained II, III and IV-stage oocytes. The IV-stage oocytes were surrounded by inner and outer follicular cells. The micropyle was observed on the oolemma of follicular cells. There were abundant yolks and plenty of endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm of IV-stage oocytes. Because A1-2n and A1-3n were distant crossing diploid hybrids and triploid hybrids respectively, they possessed abnormal gonads, and no mature semen and eggs were observed. (3) Compared with allotetraploids, the A1-4n fish not only had advantages such as fast growth rate and strong resistibility but also showed some new good performances such as high ratio of body width to body length, smaller heads and shorter tails. These results indicated that an- drogenesis could produce bisexual fertile tetraploids and improve the shape of allotetraploid hybrids as well, which will be of great significance in both the cell genetics research and fish breeding.     

由不同细胞核背景引起的小麦细胞质雄性不育系(CMS)叶绿体蛋白质组的变化(简报)

叶绿体和线粒体是高等植物细胞内2种重要的细胞器。由于细胞质雄性不育(CMS)被认为是一种由线粒体基因编码的性状,因此,近10多年来,国内外研究者对线粒体基因组结构与功能、由线粒体基因编码的与CMS相关蛋白的研究积累了大量的资料。与线粒体相比,叶绿体与CMS关系的研究相对滞后。虽然一些研究者在核不育水稻中,观     

粳稻SRAP分子标记遗传群的构建与分析

用超级稻品种‘沈农606’和普通粳稻‘丽江新团黑谷’为亲本杂交获得的102份F_2代单株,通过SRAP分子标记遗传分析,构建了包含14个连锁群,由129个多态性位点组成的水稻连锁图谱,此图谱覆盖基因组长度1671.5 cM,平均图距13.0 cM。连锁群上有17.2%的多态性位点表现偏分离,偏分离标记在连锁群上存在热点区域。     

鞘翅目昆虫核酸分子系统学研究现状

从研究对象、研究种类、研究内容等方面对鞘翅目Coleoptera核酸分子系统学研究的近况进行了总结和分析,研究中应用的技术主要有DNA序列分析、RELP技术、RAPD技术、AFLP技术、分子杂交技术和SSCD技术。并认为这些技术的应用对补充和完善传统分类方法,深入探讨各类群的分类地位和系统发育关系具有重要作用。     

应用大麦杆控制原水蓝藻生长的初步研究

蓝藻对饮水安全有潜在威胁,但在水处理过程中很难除去。华南某地原水水塘多年来受到以假鱼腥藻类为主的蓝藻水华影响,尽管曾使用多种方法进行清除,但都只能起到应急的作用,因此需要寻求长期有效控制蓝藻生长的新方法。已有研究表明大麦杆在控制淡水藻类生长方面具有一定功效,且对环境无明显负面影响。为了解大麦杆对华南某地蓝藻,特别是假鱼腥藻类生长的影响,探讨在该地区气候条件下发挥抑藻作用所需时间和效果,为原水蓝藻控制措施的采取提供科学依据,自从2005年3月起至2005年7月,选用2个沉淀池作对比实验,实验池投入g·m-3的大麦杆,对照池不加大麦杆。研究表明大麦杆对原水中假鱼腥藻类的生长有较好的抑制作用,在该地气候条件下,最少需要一至两个月的时间,大麦杆才开始产生控藻作用。     

基于地统计学的二化螟种群时间格局分析

对常德鼎城区1960～2001年二化螟各世代的越冬后幼虫高峰虫量的时间序列资料进行了地统计学分析.结果表明,年际间二化螟种群总虫量、第1代虫量、第2代虫量和冬后基数序列数据结构性较强,可预测性较好,特别是年际间总虫量其结构性占总变异的比例高达91.1％,可以前11年总虫量预测下年总虫量;世代间幼虫高峰虫量,年际间第1代虫量、第3代虫量和冬后基数序列数据的长期趋势较为明显,特别是冬后基数的长期趋势极为明显;世代间幼虫高峰虫量呈现3代（1年）的季节性周期.首次采用缺失某世代虫量或插入冬后基数的方法分析了各世代虫量和冬后基数对整个世代间虫量数据系列的重要程度,结果表明,各世代虫量和冬后基数单独对整个世代间虫量数据系列的影响均较小,二化螟发生量更多地受栽培制度、气候、食料和天敌等因子的影响.初步总结并建立了种群时间格局分析的地统计学方法.     

植物中microRNA的合成及在发育和抗逆中的作用

介绍了植物microRNA（miRNA）的结构、合成、作用机制及其在植物生长发育和逆境胁迫中作用的研究进展。     

渗透胁迫下白花柽柳消减文库的构建及分析

用PEG6000对白花柽柳进行渗透胁迫,以其叶部cDNA为试验方（tester）,正常生长的白花柽柳叶部cDNA为驱动方（driver）,利用抑制性消减杂交技术（SSH）构建了渗透胁迫下白花柽柳的消减文库。提取重组质粒经PCR检测,插入片段大部分集中在250～650 bp之间。通过对文库阳性克隆的随机测序,获得了如脯氨酸转移蛋白、钙依赖蛋白激酶、亮氨酸拉链蛋白、类转录起始因子蛋白等23个与渗透胁迫有关的EST,它们涉及了植物的渗透调节、信号传递、基因调控、活性氧清除、新陈代谢等生理生化过程。     

973项目“极端微生物及其功能利用的基础研究”研究进展

中国科学院微生物研究所东秀珠研究员主持承担的国家基础研究发展计划———“973”项目“极端微生物及其功能利用的基础研究”,于2004年10月获得批准立项。参加该项目的有:武汉大学、云南大学、浙江大学、吉林大学、国家海洋局三所、中国科学院北京基因组研究所、中国科学院上