大葱组织培养中玻璃苗特性研究

以章丘大葱为试验材料,从形态组织学及生理生化等方面探讨了大葱试管苗玻璃化发生的可能机理。结果表明,玻璃苗形态组织结构与正常苗有很大差异,玻璃苗组织含水量增加,过氧化物酶(POD)活性增强,叶绿素总量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性、可溶性蛋白含量均降低。玻璃苗酯酶同工酶谱带与正常苗相比,增加了一条带,同时缺少了两条带;可溶性蛋白电泳分析表明,玻璃苗与正常苗间也存在明显差异。可见,当外界环境条件不适宜植物生长需要时,植物体在基因表达水平上将会受到影响,表达产物的差异可引起生理代谢功能上的紊乱,从而导致形态结构的畸型,进而产生玻璃化苗。     

中国的河蟹养殖及其发展前景

中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis H.Milne-Edwards,1583)又名河蟹、大闸蟹、毛蟹,是水产珍品。中国的河蟹生产历史,经历了狩猎、增殖、养殖三个时期,都在不同程度上破坏了河蟹资源和水域生态平衡。近十多年来,河蟹养殖迅速发展,目前的年产量已超过10万t,年产值约100亿元。由于种苗混杂和传统养鱼技术的影响,总产虽高、个体却小、效益甚微,面临严重的市场危机。与此同时,结合河蟹生产的科学研究迅速发展,成果丰硕。当前已有可能认真总结,应用现代科技,走工业化集约式养殖河蟹的道路,以优质、大规格商品蟹和软壳蟹拓宽国内、外市场。       

Lipidomic changes during different growth stages of Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima

Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray ionization-Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF–MS) is a powerful lipidomic tool. In this study, we developed a UPLC/Q-TOF–MS based method to investigate the lipid metabolomic changes in different growth phases of Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima. The data classification and biomarker selection were carried out by using multivariate statistical analysis, including principal components analysis (PCA), projection to latent structures with discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal projection to latent structures with discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). We discovered that the intercellular lipid metabolites were significantly different among exponential, early stationary and late stationary phases. Thirty-one lipid molecules were selected and identified as putative biomarkers, including free fatty acid, Harderoporphyrin, phosphatidylglycerol, 1,2-diacyglycerl-3-O-4′-(N,N-trimethy)-homoserine, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, lyso-sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol and lyso-digalactosyldiacylglycerol. These lipids have been shown previously to function in energy storage, membrane stability and photosynthesis efficiency during the growth of diatoms. Further analysis on the putative biomarkers demonstrated that nitrate starvation played critical role in the transition from exponential phase to stationary phase in N. closterium. This study is the first one to explore the lipidomic changes of microalgae in different growth phases, which promotes better understanding of their physiology and ecology.     

茉莉酸和双氧水对斜生褐孔菌一株黑色素缺失突变体产生酚类化合物的影响

黑色素合成是桦褐孔菌Phaeoporus obliquus次生代谢过程中的一个重要事件。黑色素的过多合成势必影响其他酚类的积累。本文以茉莉酸和双氧水为调控因子,开展了该突变体深层发酵过程酚类化合物积累研究。正常培养条件下,每升发酵液积累酚类化合物最高可达317.45mg/L,其中包括苯甲酸衍生物(45.3mg/L),黄酮苷元(74.4mg/L),黄酮苷(160mg/L)以及硬毛素类化合物(18.5mg/L)。加入茉莉酸后,总酚最大值增加到620.45mg/L,其中苯甲酸衍生物增加到230.26mg/L,黄酮苷元增加到166.86mg/L,而黄酮苷和硬毛素类化合物却分别降低到98.5mg/L和7.1mg,双氧水的加入没有提高总酚的最大积累(315.69mg/L)。因此,与野生型相比,黑色素缺失使总酚的积累有所增加,随茉莉L酸的加入总酚积累最大值增加近一倍。虽然双氧水的加入提高了苯丙氨酸裂解酶活性,但总酚的积累却没有增加,这可能是由于一部分酚类化合物在抗双氧水氧化胁迫过程中被消耗。     

Metabolic flux analysis of Escherichia coli K12 grown on 13C-labeled acetate and glucose using GC-MS and powerful flux calculation method

A new algorithm was developed for the estimation of the metabolic flux distribution based on GC-MS data of proteinogenic amino acids. By using a sensitive GC-MS protocol as well as by combining the global search algorithm such as the genetic algorithm with the local search algorithm such as the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, not only the distribution of the net fluxes in the entire network, but also certain exchange fluxes which contribute significantly to the isotopomer distribution could be quantified. This mass isotopomer analysis could identify the biochemical changes involved in the regulation where acetate or glucose was used as a main carbon source. The metabolic flux analysis clearly revealed that when the specific growth rate increased, only a slight change in flux distribution was observed for acetate metabolism, indicating that subtle regulation mechanism exists in certain key junctions of this network system. Different from acetate metabolism, when glucose was used as a carbon source, as the growth rate increased, a significant increase in relative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) flux was observed for Escherichia coli K12 at the expense of the citric acid cycle, suggesting that when growing on glucose, the flux catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase could not fully fulfill the NADPH demand for cell growth, causing the oxidative PPP to be utilized to a larger extent so as to complement the NADPH demand. The GC-MS protocol as well as the new algorithm demonstrated here proved to be a powerful tool for characterizing metabolic regulation and can be utilized for strain improvement and bioprocess optimization.     

基于适体技术的桔青毒素检测方法的建立

桔青毒素（citrinin,CTN）是以玉米、谷物、奶酪等为主要成分的食品和动物饲料中常见的、由桔青霉菌产生的酮类真菌毒素,可引起人和动物的慢性中毒或癌症,一直缺少灵敏的快速检测方法。本文通过指数富集适体系统进化技术（简称SELEX）对可能与CTN结合的特异性适体进行了筛选,经过15轮循环,得到17条适体。通过二级结构分析、亲和力检测发现适体13（Apt-13）对CTN有较好的亲和度,解离常数Kd为0.06μmol/L。进一步利用非荧光标记染料PicoGreen,利用其与双链DNA结合的原理,建立了桔青毒素非标记荧光检测方法,30min完成检测,最低检测限达到国家标准（50ppb）且与其他毒素无交叉反应。本研究建立的基于适体的桔青毒素检测技术成本低,可以替代传统的基于抗体的检测方法,为霉菌毒素的精准检测技术的开发提供了实验证据。     

小麦秆锈抗性遗传及抗性基因研究进展

目前国际上已发现近80个小麦抗秆锈基因,其中45个抗秆锈基因已被正式定名,58个抗秆锈基因已定位在小麦特定染色体上,其中12个基因被标记。本文对小麦抗秆锈病基因抗源、抗秆锈性遗传、分子标记研究现状及存在问题加以综述,并对抗秆锈分子遗传前景进行展望。     

Defining essential stem cell characteristics in adipose-derived stromal cells extracted from distinct anatomical sites

The discovery of adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) has created many opportunities for the development of patient-specific cell-based replacement therapies. We have isolated multiple cell strains of ASCs from various anatomical sites (abdomen, arms/legs, breast, buttocks), indicating widespread distribution of ASCs throughout the body. Unfortunately, there exists a general lack of agreement in the literature as to their "stem cell" characteristics. We find that telomerase activity and expression of its catalytic subunit in ASCs are both below the levels of detection, independent of age and culturing conditions. ASCs also undergo telomere attrition and eventually senesce, while maintaining a stable karyotype without the development of spontaneous tumor-associated abnormalities. Using a set of cell surface markers that have been promoted to identify ASCs, we find that they failed to distinguish ASCs from normal fibroblasts, as both are positive for CD29, CD73 and CD105 and negative for CD14, CD31 and CD45. All of the ASC isolates are multipotent, capable of differentiating into osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes, while fibroblasts show no differentiation potential. Our ASC strains also show elevated expression of genes associated with pluripotent cells, Oct-4, SOX2 and NANOG, when compared to fibroblasts and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), although the levels were lower than induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). Together, our data suggest that, while the cell surface profile of ASCs does not distinguish them from normal fibroblasts, their differentiation capacity and the expression of genes closely linked to pluripotency clearly define ASCs as multipotent stem cells, regardless of tissue isolation location.