褐飞虱持续暴发成因——以江西泰和县为例

为了明确泰和县近年来晚稻田褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)连年暴发的规律。通过分析泰和县2008—2013年褐飞虱的田间调查及灯诱数据,并结合气象条件,研究了泰和县晚稻田褐飞虱暴发的主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)危害早稻田的褐飞虱以2、3代为主,其田间种群数量的多少主要受春季迁入虫量的限制,本地早稻收割后的滞留虫源对晚稻种群数量的影响很小。(2)危害晚稻田的褐飞虱以5、6代为主,后期迁入虫量、秋季温度以及晚稻田初期外来迁入虫量是影响晚稻田后期暴发的关键因子。(3)不同年份间晚稻田褐飞虱暴发类型不同。2008和2009年属后期迁入虫量与"暖秋"共同影响类型;2010年是"暖秋"影响类型;2011和2012年是后期迁入虫量影响类型;2013年是晚稻田早期迁入虫量积累影响类型。后期迁入虫量、秋季温度以及晚稻田早期迁入虫量是导致泰和县晚稻田褐飞虱连年暴发的主要原因。这些结果为褐飞虱暴发规律的阐明及可持续治理提供了理论依据和参考价值。     

5种生物杀虫剂对4种天敌昆虫的安全性评价

【目的】生物杀虫剂及天敌昆虫的应用是绿色防控的发展方向,但有关生物杀虫剂对天敌昆虫的安全性尚不明确。研究生物杀虫剂对天敌昆虫的影响可以为更好地协调使用生物杀虫剂和天敌昆虫提供理论依据。【方法】在实验室条件下采用药膜法和滤纸膜片法测定了5种生物杀虫剂(苦参碱、桉油精、鱼藤酮、除虫菊素、橄榄鲨)在田间推荐使用浓度下,对4种天敌昆虫(丽蚜小蜂、东亚小花蝽、食蚜瘿蚊、巴氏新小绥螨)的致死率。【结果】除虫菊素对丽蚜小蜂、东亚小花蝽、巴氏新小绥螨的影响较大,致死率均达到100%;鱼藤酮对丽蚜小蜂、食蚜瘿蚊、巴氏新小绥螨的影响均较大,致死率在98.65%以上;橄榄鲨对丽蚜小蜂、东亚小花蝽、食蚜瘿蚊的影响较小,致死率均小于30%;苦参碱对丽蚜小蜂的影响最大,致死率达100%,对食蚜瘿蚊和巴氏新小绥螨的影响较小,致死率分别为15.56%和15.91%;桉油精对巴氏新小绥螨的影响最大,致死率达100%,对东亚小花蝽和食蚜瘿蚊的影响较小,致死率分别为15.91%和6.67%。【结论】这5种生物杀虫剂中,橄榄鲨对丽蚜小蜂、东亚小花蝽、食蚜瘿蚊安全,桉油精对东亚小花蝽、食蚜瘿蚊安全,苦参碱对食蚜瘿蚊、巴氏新小绥螨安全,鱼藤酮对东亚小花蝽安全,除虫菊素对食蚜瘿蚊安全。     

稻水象甲(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel)滞育征候群中的飞行行为

１９９４－１９９６年对浙江省双季稻区稻水象甲（ＬｉｓｓｏｒｈｏｐｔｒｕｓｏｒｙｚｏｐｈｉｌｕｓＫｕｓｃｈｅｌ）飞行行为的研究表明，稻水象甲飞行扩散的行为特征是：（１）长时间的起飞准备和不高的起飞成功率，每晚的迁出率只有三分之一左右，（２）卵巢，飞行肌呈季节性消长而无局地飞行（ｔｒｉｖｉａｌｆｌｉｇｈｔ）；（３）飞行速度不高，飞行能力不强，且风力稍大便无法起飞，一般情况下不会形成远距离自然扩散，因此     

干旱胁迫下冠菌素对玉米幼苗光合参数和内源激素含量的影响

采用沙培称重法研究冠菌素对玉米幼苗光合参数及内源激素系统影响的结果表明,干旱胁迫下,0.01μmol·L-1冠菌素显著增加玉米幼苗茎基部粗、根长、干鲜重、光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,降低胞间二氧化碳浓度,提高幼苗的ABA和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)含量。叶片与根中ABA/GA3大时耐旱性增大。     

生物炭对土壤氮循环的影响研究进展

在定性资料调研的基础上,基于ISI Web of Science数据库,采用文献计量学方法,针对"生物炭对土壤氮循环的影响"及其分支技术进行文献检索、数据整理、分类以及主题分析,从国际整体研究态势和分支技术主题两个角度探讨了目前国内外生物炭影响土壤氮循环方面的研究进展,并从生物炭对土壤N_2O排放、肥料利用率、硝化速率、NH_4~+/NH_3吸附、NO_3~-吸附以及土壤微生物氮素固持等6个方面的影响进行了详细论述。近年来,生物炭对土壤氮循环的影响研究急剧增温,发文量逐年增加,截止2014年6月,SCI数据库中共检索到2468篇论文。其中,期刊论文2188篇、综述性论文93篇,其它类论文177篇。美国、加拿大、英国等欧美国家在该领域的研究中占有明显优势,而自2010年以来,中国已成为该领域全球第一的年发文大国。发文热点主要集中在生物炭对土壤N_2O排放和对氮肥利用率的影响2个方面,占总发文量的73.7%。从6个方面的分支技术主题来看,生物炭的影响作用争议性较大。大部分研究认为,生物炭能够抑制土壤N_2O排放、提高氮肥利用率、促进土壤硝化速率、提高土壤对NH_4~+/NH_3和NO_3~-的固持作用以及土壤微生物氮素固持作用等,但也有研究表明生物炭会促进土壤N_2O排放、抑制土壤硝化速率,且不具备NO_3~-固持能力。这主要与生物炭的类型、老化过程,以及土壤类型及其含水孔隙率等密切相关。总之,探讨了生物炭对土壤氮循环影响的研究动态、热点及主要结论,为深入了解生物炭对土壤理化特性影响的作用机制提供了一定研究思路,为生物炭的农业应用提供了一定借鉴和参考。     

精子介导GFP基因在小鼠早期胚胎中的表达

利用 DIG 末端标记技术和免疫组化技术分析了小鼠精子体外结合内化外源DNA的效率。试验结果表明,不同小鼠个体的精子结合外源DNA的阳性率有明显差异（P<0.01）,平均为13%。利用考马斯亮蓝染色评价了小鼠精子顶体反应发生的情况,筛选出TYH培养液为较合适的体外受精液。利用小鼠体外受精技术,将体外转染GFP基因并获能的小鼠精子与成熟卵母细胞进行体外受精,受精卵进行体外培养,表达GFP胎的阳性率为4.7%。验证了精子介导制备转基因小鼠胚胎的可行性,并建立了利用精子载体法制备转基因小鼠胚胎的平台。     

Asymmetric Somatic Hybridization Between Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Bromus inermis

Asymmetric hybridization was conducted between wheat and Brorrats inermis keyss which is a distanfiy related intergeneric plant (belonging to different tribe) of wheat and possesses some favorable traits, such as resistant to cold, drought and disease. Protoplasts isolated from young embryo-derived calli of common wheat ( Triticura aestivum L., tv. 99P, (AABBDD), 2n = 42) were fused with UV-treated protoplasts isolated from young embryo-derived calli of Bromus inermis by PEG method. Three clones (No. 1 ~ No. 3) were regenerated from the fusion products and differentiated into albino seedlings. The clones and the seedlings were all verified as hybrids by chromosome counting, isozyme and RAPD analysis. Their isozyme and RAPD pattern contained the characteristic bands of both parents as well as new band(s). The chromosome numbers of albino were in the range of 42~54 with small chromosomes of Bromus inerm/s and chromosome fragments. The above results confirmed that hybrid albinos were obtained.     

Assembly characteristics of plant keratin intermediate filaments in vitro

After selective extraction and purification, plant keratin intermediate filaments were reassembled in vitro. Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs showed that acidic keratins and basic keratins can assemble into dimers and further into 10 nm filaments in vitro. In higher magnification images, it can be seen that fully assembled plant keratin intermediate filaments consist of several thinner filaments of 3 nm in diameter, which indicates the formation of protofilaments in the assembly processes. One of the explicit features of plant keratin intermediate filaments is a 24—25 nm periodic structural repeat alone the axis of beth the 10 nm filaments and protofilaments. The periodic repeat is one of the fundamental characteristic of all intermediate filaments, and demonstrates the half staggered arrangement of keratin molecules within the filaments.     

Amplification, analysis and chromosome mapping of novel homeobox-containing and homeobox-flanking sequences in rice

Homeobox genes, widely distributed among animal and plant kingdoms, play an important role in developmental process. Several homeobox conserved fragments were amplified by PCR and the flanking regions were also obtained by an LM-PCR procedure. Sequencing and Southern analysis showed that they belong to a homeobox gene family of rice. Six homeobox-containing fragments were mapped on the molecular linkage map of rice. They were located on chromosomes 3, 4 and 7 respectively. It is noteworthy that there are 4 homeobox fragments located on rice chromosome 3 and the result is also consistent with the comparative genomics between rice and maize.