Mechanical properties of muscle spindles in Xenopus laevis

Mechanical properties of isolated living muscle spindles from Xenopus laevis were examined in order to determine their role in sensory transduction. The reticular zone of the intrafusal muscle fibers was identified microscopically by: (1) its position beneath the sensory endings, (2) its length, 50–100 μm, (3) its extension during intrafusal muscle contraction, and (4) its coarse striations with a period of about 1.5 times the normal sarcomere length. The reticular zone in the passive muscle spindle did not extend until the spindle was stretched to about 1.05–1.1 its maximal length in the animal (L _m ). Evidence was obtained that the absence of extension of the reticular zone at normal muscle lengths was due to the presence of the spindle capsule which acted as a stiff element in parallel with the sensory region. At those lengths at which the reticular zone did extend (> L _m ), no rate — sensitive mechanical properties were detected in response to step and ramp extensions. The sensory discharge of the spindle showed no dynamic transient in response to ramp extensions if the reticular zone were not extended. During extension of the reticular zone a dynamic sensory transient appeared. It is concluded that current notions on the mechanical origin of the rate — sensitive properties of the sensory discharge of the muscle spindle do not apply to Xenopus laevis. In addition, it is not likely that the passive spindle in this animal is a sensitive stretch receptor.     

Histochemical demonstration of the intestinal hetero-β-galactosidase (glucosidase)

Summary The histochemical demonstration of hetero--galactosidase (glucosidase) has been attempted in sections and zymograms of rabbit, monkey and human intestine and of rat kidney.The leakage of this enzyme from unfixed sections was prevented by the use of cold microtome sections adherent to semipermeable membranes. Methods with -D-glucosides and galactosides of 6-Br-2-naphthol (postincubation azocoupling with Fast Blue B as well as simultaneous azocoupling with hexazonium-p-rosaniline), of -naphthol (simultaneous azocoupling with hexazonium-p-rosaniline) and of 4-Cl-5-Br-3-indolyl (with ferricyanide, phenazonium methosulfate or nitro BT and without any oxidation agent) were used an evaluated concerning the specificity, localization ability and inhibition of enzyme activity. Pretreatment of sections with distilled water or saline and inhibition by p-Cl-mercuribenzoate, glucono- and galactono-lactones were used for the characterization of the demonstrated enzyme activity.6-Br-2-naphthyl--D-glucoside is the most specific substrate for hetero--galactosidase. It is not split by lactase and acid -galactosidase. Only lysosomal -glucosidase can interfere. Because the latter enzyme is membrane-bound the difference in color intensity between untreated and prewashed sections are due to hetero--galactosidase. Only localization on the cellular (not intracellular) level can be achieved, however.The simultaneous azocoupling method with -naphthyl--D-glucoside and hexazonium-p-rosaniline enables a very good localization of hetero--galactosidase in the rabbit intestine. Due to a great inhibition exerted by hexazonium-p-rosaniline on the enzyme activity the method is unsuitable for the detection of hetero--galactosidase in zymograms and in the human intestine. Interference of lactase (or lactase-phlorizine hydrolase complex) is to be considered. The lysosomal -glucosidase does not seem to interfere.Indigogenic methods are not sensitive either. With ferricyanide as an oxidation agent it was not possible to detect the activity of hetero--galactosidase in zymograms and in sections. This is possibly due to overoxidation of indigo. The same holds true for phenazonium methosulfate used for the processing of zymograms. However, it was possible to reveal the activity of hetero--galactosidase in sections of the rabbit and monkey intestine with phenazonium methosulfate as oxidation agent. Nitro BT enhanced the coloration both in zymograms and in sections. In the latter case diffusion artifacts cannot be prevented, however. The interference of lactase, lysosomal -galactosidase and possibly of lysosomal -glucosidase (depending on the glycoside used) is always to be considered.Hetero--galactosidase was localized in the cytoplasm (particularly in the supranuclear region) of differentiated enterocytes covering the villi of the rabbit (the highest activity), monkey and human (the lowest activity) intestine. In crypt enterocytes and in cells of Brunner's glands the activity was lower. The occurrence of a low activity of hetero--galactosidase in the brush border of enterocytes of the rabbit intestine was also demonstrated.A proximodistal gradient was observed in the rabbit and monkey intestine, the upper jejunum displaying the highest activity.In jejunal biopsies of patients with celiac sprue (in the acute stage of the disease) the activity of hetero--galactosidase was lowered. No changes of activity were observed in jejunal biopsies of patients with isolated deficiencies of lactase or sucrase.In the rat kidney the enzyme was demonstrated particularly in the cytoplasm of cells of proximal convoluted tubules.