全文获取类型
收费全文 | 41854篇 |
免费 | 3700篇 |
国内免费 | 205篇 |
专业分类
45759篇 |
出版年
2018年 | 494篇 |
2017年 | 480篇 |
2016年 | 623篇 |
2015年 | 703篇 |
2014年 | 902篇 |
2013年 | 1077篇 |
2012年 | 1220篇 |
2011年 | 1263篇 |
2010年 | 854篇 |
2009年 | 865篇 |
2008年 | 1174篇 |
2007年 | 1164篇 |
2006年 | 1178篇 |
2005年 | 1003篇 |
2004年 | 962篇 |
2003年 | 910篇 |
2002年 | 886篇 |
2001年 | 2778篇 |
2000年 | 2456篇 |
1999年 | 1799篇 |
1998年 | 612篇 |
1997年 | 525篇 |
1996年 | 471篇 |
1995年 | 400篇 |
1994年 | 387篇 |
1992年 | 1281篇 |
1991年 | 1158篇 |
1990年 | 1097篇 |
1989年 | 1043篇 |
1988年 | 928篇 |
1987年 | 923篇 |
1986年 | 802篇 |
1985年 | 794篇 |
1984年 | 563篇 |
1983年 | 513篇 |
1982年 | 366篇 |
1979年 | 630篇 |
1978年 | 451篇 |
1977年 | 415篇 |
1976年 | 368篇 |
1975年 | 495篇 |
1974年 | 575篇 |
1973年 | 553篇 |
1972年 | 572篇 |
1971年 | 549篇 |
1970年 | 522篇 |
1969年 | 526篇 |
1968年 | 426篇 |
1967年 | 373篇 |
1966年 | 409篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
941.
Cristiana Leite N. Tatiana Silva Sandrine Mendes Andreia Ribeiro Joana Paes de Faria Tania Louren?o Francisco dos Santos Pedro Z. Andrade Carla M. P. Cardoso Margarida Vieira Artur Paiva Cláudia L. da Silva Joaquim M. S. Cabral Jo?o B. Relvas Mário Gr?os 《PloS one》2014,9(10)
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are viewed as safe, readily available and promising adult stem cells, which are currently used in several clinical trials. Additionally, their soluble-factor secretion and multi-lineage differentiation capacities place MSCs in the forefront of stem cell types with expected near-future clinical applications. In the present work MSCs were isolated from the umbilical cord matrix (Wharton''s jelly) of human umbilical cord samples. The cells were thoroughly characterized and confirmed as bona-fide MSCs, presenting in vitro low generation time, high proliferative and colony-forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) capacity, typical MSC immunophenotype and osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacity. The cells were additionally subjected to an oligodendroglial-oriented step-wise differentiation protocol in order to test their neural- and oligodendroglial-like differentiation capacity. The results confirmed the neural-like plasticity of MSCs, and suggested that the cells presented an oligodendroglial-like phenotype throughout the differentiation protocol, in several aspects sharing characteristics common to those of bona-fide oligodendrocyte precursor cells and differentiated oligodendrocytes. 相似文献
942.
An unambiguous, fully ab initio and automated technique denoted AIPAR (ab initio parametrization) implemented in the SJBR program has been proposed to yield intermolecular interaction potentials between polar molecules and water. The AIPAR procedure has been applied to several organic molecules covering a wide range of structure and functional groups, namely methanol, acetone (propanone), methanethiol (methyl mercaptan), imidazole (1,3-diazole), oxazole and furan. The AIPAR-derived sets of parameters compare well with the empirical OPLS ones, mainly when the all-atoms model is employed in the OPLS procedure. Monte Carlo simulations were performed for an aqueous solution of methanol and for an equimolar binary mixture methanol–water using the AIPAR and OPLS parameters. The thermodynamic and geometric results obtained with the parameters obtained with the AIPAR procedure compare favorably with the OPLS simulations, even for the binary mixture, demonstrating the precision, robustness and transferability of the parameters obtained with the AIPAR procedure.Figure Superimposed configurations of water (without the hydrogen atoms) around the methanol molecule obtained with the AGOA procedure. 相似文献
943.
944.
Moderate severity heart failure does not involve a downregulation of myocardial fatty acid oxidation
Chandler MP Kerner J Huang H Vazquez E Reszko A Martini WZ Hoppel CL Imai M Rastogi S Sabbah HN Stanley WC 《American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology》2004,287(4):H1538-H1543
Recent human and animal studies have demonstrated that in severe end-stage heart failure (HF), the cardiac muscle switches to a more fetal metabolic phenotype, characterized by downregulation of free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation and an enhancement of glucose oxidation. The goal of this study was to examine myocardial substrate metabolism in a model of moderate coronary microembolization-induced HF. We hypothesized that during well-compensated HF, FFA oxidation would predominate as opposed to a more fetal metabolic phenotype of greater glucose oxidation. Cardiac substrate uptake and oxidation were measured in normal dogs (n = 8) and in dogs with microembolization-induced HF (n = 18, ejection fraction = 28%) by infusing three isotopic tracers ([9,10-(3)H]oleate, [U-(14)C]glucose, and [1-(13)C]lactate) in anesthetized open-chest animals. There were no differences in myocardial substrate metabolism between the two groups. The total activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, the key enzyme regulating myocardial pyruvate oxidation (and hence glucose and lactate oxidation) was not affected by HF. We did not observe any difference in the activity of carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT-I) and its sensitivity to inhibition by malonyl-CoA between groups; however, malonyl-CoA content was decreased by 22% with HF, suggesting less in vivo inhibition of CPT-I activity. The differences in malonyl-CoA content cannot be explained by changes in the Michaelis-Menten constant and maximal velocity for malonyl-CoA decarboxylase because neither were affected by HF. These results support the concept that there is no decrease in fatty acid oxidation during compensated HF and that the downregulation of fatty acid oxidation enzymes and the switch to carbohydrate oxidation observed in end-stage HF is only a late-stage phenomenon. 相似文献
945.
The aim of this study was to determine the first effect of lead on microbial activity in soil. The study was carried out in the soil samples from four different radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. radicula, Brassicaceae) fields along the highway in a district (Kadirli, Osmaniye) of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Turkey. After the calculation of Pb contents, the Pb amounts of the soil samples were brought up to 50 and 100 mg Pb kg?1 by treatment with Pb(NO 3 ) 2 , and the samples for the carbon and the nitrogen mineralization were incubated under controlled conditions (28°C, constant moist). The carbon mineralization was determined by a CO 2 respiration method for 30 days. The nitrogen mineralization was observed in vitro for 6 weeks. The untreated group was statistically different from the 50 and 100 mg Pb kg?1 treatments in the aspect of the C(CO 2 ) outlet during mineralization (P ≤ 0.05), but difference between the 50 and 100 mg Pb kg?1 treatments was not significant. NH 4 -N and NO 3 -N contents of each soil were shown differences between across treatments. Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that the addition of 50 and 100 mg Pb kg?1 provided a toxic effect threshold for the microbial activity into 30 days. 相似文献
946.
Cluster-root formation, carboxylate exudation and proton release of Lupinus pilosus Murr. as affected by medium pH and P deficiency 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The study examined the interactive effect of pH and P supply on cluster-root formation, carboxylate exudation and proton release by an alkaline-tolerant lupin species (Lupinus pilosus Murr.) in nutrient solution. The plants were exposed to 1 (P1, deficient) and 50 μM P (P50, adequate) for 34 days in nutrient solution at either pH 5.6 or 7.8. Plant biomass was not influenced by pH at P1, but at P50 shoot and root dry weights were 23 and 18% higher, respectively, at pH 7.8 than at pH 5.6. There was no significant difference in plant biomass between two P treatments regardless of medium pH. Phosphorus deficiency increased significantly the number of the second-order lateral roots compared with the P50 treatment. Both total root length and specific root length of plants grown at pH 5.6 were higher than those at pH 7.8 regardless of P supply. Cluster roots were formed at P1, but cluster-root number was 2-fold higher at pH 7.8 than pH 5.6. Roots released 16 and 31% more protons at pH 5.6 and 7.8, respectively, in P1 than in P50 treatments, and the rate of proton release followed the similar pattern. At pH 5.6, citrate exudation rate was 0.39 μmol g−1 root DW h−1 at P1, but was under the detection limit at P50; at pH 7.8, it was 2.4-fold higher in P1 than in P50 plants. High pH significantly increased citrate exudation rate in comparison to pH 5.6. The uptake of anions P and S was inhibited at P1 and high pH increased cations Na, Mg and Ca uptake. The results suggested that enhanced cluster-root formation, proton release and citrate exudation may account for the mechanism of efficient P acquisition by alkaline-tolerant L. pilosus well adapted to calcareous soils. Cluster-root formation and citrate exudation in L. pilosus can be altered by medium pH and P deficiency. Phosphorus deficiency-induced proton release may be associated with the reduced anion uptake, but high pH-induced proton release may be partly attributed to increased cation uptake. 相似文献
947.
Kenmogne M Prost E Harakat D Jacquier MJ Frédérich M Sondengam LB Zèches M Waffo-Téguo P 《Phytochemistry》2006,67(5):433-438
Five labdane diterpenoids, (3-5), zambesiacolactone A (7) and zambesiacolactone B (8), were isolated from the seeds of Aframomum zambesiacum (Baker) K. Schum., along with five known labdanes and a linear sesquiterpene, nerolidol. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Their antiplasmodial activity was evaluated in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum. Compound 3 was the most active with an IC(50) value of 4.97 microM. 相似文献
948.
Liu WM Li R Sun JZ Wang J Tsai J Wen W Kohlmann A Williams PM 《Journal of theoretical biology》2006,243(2):273-278
An ideal expression algorithm should be able to tell truly different expression levels with small false positive errors and be robust to assay changes. We propose two algorithms. PQN is the non-central trimmed mean of perfect match intensities with quantile normalization. DQN is the non-central trimmed mean of differences between perfect match and mismatch intensities with quantile normalization. The quantiles for normalization can be either empirical or theoretical. When array types and/or assay change in a study, the normalization to common quantiles at the probe set level is essential. We compared DQN, PQN, RMA, GCRMA, DCHIP, PLIER and MAS5 for the Affymetrix Latin square data and our data of two sets of experiments using the same bone marrow but different types of microarrays and different assay. We found the computation for AUC of ROC at affycomp.biostat.jhsph.edu can be improved. 相似文献
949.
The purpose of this study was to assess properties of vergence and saccade eye movements as well as posture in quiet stance, and the effects of thin plantar inserts upon postural and oculomotor control. The performances of 36 young healthy subjects were recorded by a force platform and an eye tracker in three testing conditions: without plantar stimulation, with a 3 millimetre-thick plantar insert, either a Medial or a Lateral Arch Support (MAS / LAS). The results showed a decrease of the Surface and Variance of Speed and a more posterior position of the CoP with either stimulation compared with the control condition. The fractal analysis showed a decrease with MAS. Wavelet analysis in the time-frequency domain revealed an increase in the Cancelling Time of the low frequency band with MAS. These results suggest a better stability for a lower energy cost. Concerning eye movements, the inserts influenced only vergence (not saccades): MAS caused an increase of the phasic amplitude of divergence, and conversely a decrease of the tonic amplitude. In contrast, LAS caused an increase of the tonic amplitude of convergence. Thus, MAS renders divergence less visually driven, while LAS renders convergence more visually driven. We conclude that the CNS uses the podal signal for both postural and vergence control via specific mechanisms. Plantar inserts have an influence upon posture and vergence movements in a different way according to the part of the foot sole being stimulated. These results can be useful to clinicians interested in foot or eye. 相似文献
950.
Karen Barsuhn S. Theodore Chester Jr. Dr. Jane A. Z. Leedle 《Current microbiology》1988,16(6):337-341
The effectiveness of a buffered sodium oleate solution was evaluated for detaching bacteria from ruminal digesta samples. A response surface derived from an octagonal design was used to determine the pH and concentration combination for maximum detachment of total and cellulolytic bacteria. The total number of bacteria detached increased up to 81% over control with treatment of a pH 8.8 and 1.5% sodium oleate solution. The recovery of cellulolytic bacteria was decreased to 35% of control with treatment of a pH 9.0 and 0.1% sodium oleate solution. Attempts to improve the recovery of viable bacteria exposed to sodium oleate solutions were unsuccessful. This response surface design identified an optimal pH and concentration that were consistent with existing information regarding detachment of total bacteria, and suggested that sodium oleate, at the concentrations tested, was toxic to the cellulolytic population of the rumen. 相似文献