全文获取类型
收费全文 | 43670篇 |
免费 | 3253篇 |
国内免费 | 9篇 |
专业分类
46932篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 215篇 |
2022年 | 364篇 |
2021年 | 686篇 |
2020年 | 498篇 |
2019年 | 539篇 |
2018年 | 1318篇 |
2017年 | 1106篇 |
2016年 | 1359篇 |
2015年 | 1996篇 |
2014年 | 1972篇 |
2013年 | 2692篇 |
2012年 | 3194篇 |
2011年 | 3042篇 |
2010年 | 1909篇 |
2009年 | 1651篇 |
2008年 | 2431篇 |
2007年 | 2401篇 |
2006年 | 2316篇 |
2005年 | 2047篇 |
2004年 | 2003篇 |
2003年 | 1806篇 |
2002年 | 1684篇 |
2001年 | 872篇 |
2000年 | 802篇 |
1999年 | 730篇 |
1998年 | 441篇 |
1997年 | 338篇 |
1996年 | 320篇 |
1995年 | 320篇 |
1994年 | 253篇 |
1993年 | 234篇 |
1992年 | 421篇 |
1991年 | 423篇 |
1990年 | 350篇 |
1989年 | 316篇 |
1988年 | 303篇 |
1987年 | 263篇 |
1986年 | 253篇 |
1985年 | 255篇 |
1984年 | 202篇 |
1983年 | 163篇 |
1982年 | 148篇 |
1981年 | 173篇 |
1980年 | 146篇 |
1979年 | 189篇 |
1978年 | 163篇 |
1977年 | 138篇 |
1976年 | 148篇 |
1975年 | 132篇 |
1974年 | 135篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
101.
The effect of the addition of oleuropein (OLP) and NaCl on the growth and the DL-lactic acid production of Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 10492 has been investigated by using an unconventional medium. The growth of L. plantarum was not inhibited by the addition of increasing amounts of untreated OLP in the presence or absence of glucose. However,
bacterial cells grew in quantity slightly with OLP alone. The increased addition of NaCl was associated with a delay in growth.
Moreover, there was no growth with 8% NaCl. The addition of both NaCl and OLP resulted in growth inhibition, and the survival
of cells decreased strongly. The main fermentation product was DL-lactic acid, but acetic acid was also detected after a prolonged incubation. L. plantarum produced DL-lactic acid in the presence of OLP alone but its formation decreased with increasing levels of OLP. On the other hand, heat-treated
OLP had a bactericidal effect.
Received: 16 October 1995/Received last revision: 5 February 1996/Accepted: 12 February 1996 相似文献
102.
The size and organization of a representative plant centromere from the supernumerary B chromosome were determined using a repeated sequence specific to the centric region. Several derivatives of the B chromosome that suffered from misdivision of the centromere were analyzed for the content and organization of their B repeat. In all these derivatives, major rearrangements were detected. Some misdivisions produced a significant reduction in size of the B-specific cluster. These results demonstrate that the B repeat is part of the functional centromere, that it is spread throughout its length, and that plant centromeres are composed of repeat units that can be significantly changed in copy number without a change in function. 相似文献
103.
An extended x-ray absorption fine structure study of the high-affinity cation-binding site in the purple membrane. 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
F Sepulcre J Cladera J García M G Proietti J Torres E Padrós 《Biophysical journal》1996,70(2):852-856
The structure of the high-affinity cation-binding site of bacteriorhodopsin was studied using extended x-ray absorption fine structure techniques. The results obtained for Mn2+ in aqueous solution and for the complex BR-Mn2+ (1:1 molar ratio) show great similarities, suggesting that Mn2+, when bound to this site, is coordinated with six atoms of oxygen, forming an octahedral disposition. The interatomic distance between the atoms of oxygen and the Mn2+ was found to be 2.17 A for the complex BR-Mn2+, similar to Mn2+ in solution (2.15 A). In addition, the absence of any other peak at greater distances in the Fourier-transformed spectrum indicates that neither phosphorus nor sulphur atoms are present in the second coordination shell. This suggests that this binding site is located in the protein, discarding the proximity of lipid polar headgroups. 相似文献
104.
Carmen Sieiro Natalia M. Reboredo Tomás G. Villa 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1995,14(6):461-466
Summary A comparative study has been made of different laboratory and industrial wild-type strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae in relation to their flocculation behavior. All strains were inhibited by mannose and only one by maltose. In regard to the stability of these characters in the presence of proteases and high salt concentrations, a relevant degree of variation was found among the strains. This was to such an extent that it did not allow their inclusion in the Flol or NewFlo phenotypes. Genetic characterization of one wild-type strain revealed that the flocculation-governing gene was allelic toFLO1 found in genetic strains.This paper is dedicated to Professor Herman Jan Phaff in honor of his 50 years of active research which still continues. 相似文献
105.
Cross talk between catabolic pathways in Pseudomonas putida: XylS-dependent and -independent activation of the TOL meta operon requires the same cis-acting sequences within the Pm promoter. 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
B Kessler S Marqus T Khler J L Ramos K N Timmis V de Lorenzo 《Journal of bacteriology》1994,176(17):5578-5582
106.
Alain Delbarre Philippe Muller Viviane Imhoff Jean-Louis Morgat Hélène Barbier-Brygoo 《Planta》1994,195(2):159-167
Uptake and metabolism of exogenous naphthalene-1-acetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) have been studied in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi) mesophyll protoplasts. Both auxins entered protoplasts by diffusion under the action of the transmembrane pH gradient without any detectable participation of an influx carrier. Molecules were accumulated by an anion-trapping mechanism and most of them were metabolized within hours, essentially as glucose-ester and amino-acid conjugates. Protoplasts were equipped with a functional auxin-efflux carrier as evidenced by the inhibitory effect of naphthylphtalamic acid on IAA efflux. Basically, similar mechanisms of NAA and IAA uptake occurred in protoplasts. However, the two auxins differed in their levels of accumulation, due to different membrane-transport characteristics, and the nature of the metabolites produced. This shows the need to estimate the accumulation and the metabolism of auxins when analyzing their effects in a given cell system. The internal auxin concentration could be modulated by changing the transmembrane pH gradient, giving an interesting perspective for discriminating between the effects of intra- and extracellular auxin on physiological processes.Abbreviations BA
benzoic acid
- Ci/Ce
accumulation ratio of auxin
- IAAasp
N-[3-indolylacetyl]-dl-aspartic acid
- NAA
naphthalene-1-acetic acid
- NAAasp
N-[1-naphthylacetyl]-l-aspartic acid
- NPA
N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid
The authors thank Dr. M. Caboche (I.N.R.A, Versailles, France) for his generous gifts of some amide derivatives of 1-NAA, Mr. P. Varennes and Dr. B. Das (I.C.S.N., C.N.R.S., Gif-sur-Yvette, France) for recording and interpreting the mass spectra of NAA glucose ester, and Prof. P. Manigault (Institut des Sciences Végétales, Gif-sur-Yvette) for microscopy measurements of protoplast dimensions. This work was supported by funds from the C.N.R.S, I.N.R.A, and E.E.C. 相似文献
107.
The influence of DNA topology on stainability with the externally binding fluorochromes Hoechst 33258 (HO) and mithramycin (MI) was investigated in HeLa nuclei in comparison with the intercalating dye propidium iodide (PI). Changes in DNA topology were induced with a mild DNAse I treatment. Stainability properties of untreated and nuclease-treated nuclei were compared with those of the supercoiled-circular and the relaxed-linear forms of the plasmid pBR322. DNAse-treated nuclei stained with HO showed a higher fluorescence intensity than control samples, independently of the dye concentration, in contrast with the findings obtained with PI. Similar behaviour was observed with the relaxed-linear form of pBR322, compared with the supercoiled-circular molecule. With MI, the stainability of HeLa nuclei did not depend on the DNA topology, whereas the stainability of the plasmid was similar to that of HO. In order to assess whether this discrepancy depended on differences in the availability of DNAse-sensitive sites to the fluorochromes, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies were performed in nuclei stained with HO+PI, or with HO+MI dye pairs. After DNAse I digestion, the relative FRET efficiency between donor (HO) and acceptor molecules (PI or MI) was reduced significantly only when MI was the acceptor. This result may be due to greater stainability of DNAse-sensitive sites with HO than with MI. These findings indicate that DNA stainability with base-specific fluorochromes may be affected by the topology of chromatin regions. 相似文献
108.
Luís C. Duarte Alexandra P. Nobre Francisco M. Gírio M. T. Amaral-Collaço 《Biotechnology Techniques》1994,8(12):859-864
Summary The kinetic parameters of the yeastDebaryomyces hansenii grown in continous cultivation on D-xylose were determined by different methods. While the values obtained for μm by the steady state and the washout methods only gave a 3% difference, the determined Ks values by the steady state and the maximal biomass output methods led a to a 305% difference. The latter method was suggested
to overestimate the Ks value. 相似文献
109.
The present paper illustrates the development of an advanced technique in optical resolution. Both of the amphetamine enantiomers can be obtained by a two-step distillation in nearly quantitative yield without any loss of the resolving agent. It is proved that the second-order interactions (H-bond) are sufficient for separation of enantiomers by distillation. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
110.
Qualitative Reasoning is a set of Artificial Intelligence theories, methods, and techniques that provide an answer to modeling problems in domains in which one can have a clear notion of how a system is functioning without being able to express it as classical mathematical equations, and where is posed the problem of using jointly quantitative and qualitative data, as well as processing a big amount of complex knowledge. SIMAO (a System to Interpret Measurements And Observations) is an attempt to deal with such problems. Although primarily devised for heterogeneous data interpretation in hydroecology, it was thought possible to use SIMAO in a wider context, like biotechnological processes. Starting from specific problems posed by a batch fermentation, the D-xylose conversion into ethanol by the yeast Pichia stipitis, this paper describes how was built and used a SIMAO model aimed at predicting the fermentation issue from initial conditions, i.e. set-points values and substrate concentration.List of Symbols QS
quantity space
- {pp, p, m, f, ff}
quantity space elements
- TR-m
measurement translation rule
- TR-o
observation translation rule
- TR-q
qualitative transfer rule
- incr, decr, inv
primitive unary operators
- [+], [-], [], [/]
primitive binary operators 相似文献