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511.
512.
A new model is presented on the basis of our experimental data and the “tropomyosin-blocking theory” of muscle relaxation to explain the regulation of certain characteristics of muscle contraction, namely that the relation of contraction to pCa is co-operative while calcium-binding is essentially non-cooperative. Our experiments show that end-to-end interactions between adjacent tropomyosin molecules in the groove of the actin helix are essential for the co-operative regulation. The blocking theory says that the tropomyosin molecule in relaxed muscle sterically blocks the myosin attachment site on actin, whereas in contracting muscle it moves to a position away from the attachment site. In this model a concerted movement of tropomyosin molecules, brought about by their end-to-end interactions, is considered to be the essential mechanism of co-operative regulation, and it is assumed that the positional changes of tropomyosin occur primarily when the four calcium binding sites of troponin on the tropomyosin are saturated with calcium. Theoretical analysis of the model, based upon the two-state allosteric model, leads to a Michaelis-Menten equation for the Ca-binding function together with a co-operative equation for the state function, proportional to the contraction or ATPase activity. These two functions fit well the experimental data. With cardiac muscle the slope of the contraction versus pCa curve is slightly less steep than that obtained with skeletal muscle. This difference can be explained by the difference in the number of Ca-binding sites of troponins. 相似文献
513.
Yagawa Yuriko; Aizawa Katsunori; Yang Shi-Yuan; Miyachi Shigetoh 《Plant & cell physiology》1986,27(2):215-221
Treatment with trypsin of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells grownin ordinary air (low-CO2 cells) caused almost complete releaseof carbonic anhydrase (CA) into the suspending medium, but didnot affect the shape and kinesis of the cells. These resultsindicate that most of the CA exists on the cell surface of low-CO2cells. The released CA has the same molecular weight, specificactivity and susceptibility to various CA inhibitors as thatpurified from non-treated low-CO2 cells. (Received August 24, 1985; Accepted November 20, 1985) 相似文献
514.
M. Shahadat Hossain Khan Keitarou Tawaraya Hiroshi Sekimoto Hiroyuki Koyama Yuriko Kobayashi Tetsuya Murayama Masaru Chuba Mihoko Kambayashi Yoshihito Shiono Matsuo Uemura Satoru Ishikawa Tadao Wagatsuma 《Physiologia plantarum》2009,135(1):73-83
We investigated variations in aluminum (Al) tolerance among rice plants, using ancestor cultivars from the family line of the Al-tolerant and widely cultivated Japonica cultivar, Sasanishiki. The cultivar Rikuu-20 was Al sensitive, whereas a closely related cultivar that is a descendant of Rikuu-20, Rikuu-132, was Al tolerant. These two cultivars were compared to determine mechanisms underlying variations in Al tolerance. The sensitive cultivar Rikuu-20 showed increased permeability of the plasma membrane (PM) and greater Al uptake within 1 h of Al treatment. This could not be explained by organic acid release. Lipid composition of the PM differed between these cultivars, and may account for the difference in Al tolerance. The tolerant cultivar Rikuu-132 had a lower ratio of phospholipids to Δ5 -sterols than the sensitive cultivar Rikuu-20, suggesting that the PM of Rikuu-132 is less negatively charged and less permeabilized than that of Rikuu-20. We used inhibitors of Δ5 -sterol synthesis to alter the ratio of phospholipids to Δ5 -sterols in both cultivars. These inhibitors reduced Al tolerance in Rikuu-132 and its Al-tolerant ancestor cultivars Kamenoo and Kyoku. In addition, Rikuu-132 showed a similar level of Al sensitivity when the ratio of phospholipids to Δ5 -sterols was increased to match that of Rikuu-20 after treatment with uniconazole-P, an inhibitor of obtusifoliol-14α-demethylase. These results indicate that PM lipid composition is a factor underlying variations in Al tolerance among rice cultivars. 相似文献
515.
Yuriko Yano Gaius R. Shaver Edward B. Rastetter Anne E. Giblin James A. Laundre 《Oecologia》2013,173(4):1575-1586
In the foothills of the Brooks Range, Alaska, different glaciation histories have created landscapes with varying soil age. Productivity of most of these landscapes is generally N limited, but varies widely, as do plant species composition and soil properties (e.g., pH). We hypothesized that the projected changes in productivity and vegetation composition under a warmer climate might be mediated through differential changes in N availability across soil age. We compared readily available [water-soluble NH4 +, NO3 ?, and amino acids (AA)], moderately available (soluble proteins), hydrolyzable, and total N pools across three tussock-tundra landscapes with soil ages ranging from 11.5k to 300k years. The effects of fertilization and warming on these N pools were also compared for the two younger sites. Readily available N was highest at the oldest site, and AA accounted for 80–89 % of this N. At the youngest site, inorganic N constituted the majority (80–97 %) of total readily available N. This variation reflected the large differences in plant functional group composition and soil chemical properties. Long-term (8–16 years) fertilization increased the soluble inorganic N by 20- to 100-fold at the intermediate-age site, but only by twofold to threefold at the youngest site. Warming caused small and inconsistent changes in the soil C:N ratio and AA, but only in soils beneath Eriophorum vaginatum, the dominant tussock-forming sedge. These differential responses suggest that the ecological consequences of warmer climates on these tundra ecosystems are more complex than simply elevated N-mineralization rates, and that the responses of landscapes might be impacted by soil age, or time since deglaciation. 相似文献
516.
Seasonal dynamics of the fish parasite Neoplagioporus ayu (Digenea; Opecoelidae; Plagioporinae) in its definitive host, the ayu Plecoglossus altivelis, in the Chikugo River, Kyushu, Japan, was examined. Natural ayu are amphidromous. In the upper Chikugo River, ayu fry raised
in hatcheries are released into the river every spring because the migration of ayu is completely blocked by a dam that has
no fish-pass channel. Ayu collected in April 2003 (within 1 month after release) harbored no N. ayu, but the prevalence of N. ayu rose to about 80% in May. The prevalence, abundance, and maturity of N. ayu were maintained at high levels from June to September. These finding indicate that the life cycle of N. ayu is completed in a freshwater area, although its intermediate hosts have not yet been identified despite the intense examination
of invertebrates. 相似文献