Consistency maintenance of Do and Undo/Redo operations in real-time collaborative bitmap editing systems

In real-time collaborative graphical editing systems, bitmap-based graphical editing systems are particularly special and practically useful ones, and Do and Undo/Redo operations are intricate problems in this field. However, existing researches on graphical editing systems are quite scanty. In this paper, based on Multi-version strategy, we propose a new approach to solve the Do and Undo/Redo consistency maintenance problems with due consideration of three possible cases: all-causal, all-independent and causal-independent-mixed operations. Compared with previous collaborative algorithms, the algorithms proposed in this paper support Do and Undo/Redo operations without requiring additional space. In addition, two example analyses are also given to prove the algorithms’ effectiveness separately. Furthermore, the time complexity of the two algorithms is both O(n). Finally, a system prototype called bitmap-based Co-Graphical Editor is implemented to verify them realistically.     

Dynamical stress characterization and energy evaluation of single cardiac myocyte actuating on flexible substrate

Contractility estimation of cardiac myocyte is important for power evaluation of the cell in heart performance. In this paper, we used digital image correlation (DIC) method to obtain dynamic deformation field of the flexible substrate distributively actuated by single cardiac myocyte, which resulted in the dynamic history of traction forces of the cell during contraction-relaxation cycles. Furthermore, the resultant work and power of the single neonatal cardiac myocyte was evaluated to show the energy characteristics of the cells and the responses to the stiffness variation of the substrate. The method provides a useful tool to study behaviors of the cardiac myocytes interacted with the substrates.     

The Chemical Structure of Albopilosin A

One new diterpenoid named albopilosin A has been isolated from the dry stems and leaves of lsodon albopilosus. Its structure was determined as 7α, 12α, 14β-trihydroxy-18-acetoxyent-kaur-16-en-15-one by means of spectral analysis combined with preparation of derivatives.     

A Quantitative Method Measuring Karyotype Asymmetry and Its Application to Evolutionary Study

Proposed in this paper is a quantitative method which can be effectively used for measuring karyotype asymmetry of chromosome complements. As well known, karyotype symmetry of a complement is determined by arm ratios and relative lengths. We define the karyotype as a theoretical symmetrical karyotype in which all chromosome ann ratios are 1 and all chromosomes are equal in length. An observed complement can be assumed to have a corresponding theoretical symmetrical karyotype, and different complements with the same ploidy and the same basic number share a common theoretical symmetrical karyotype. Therefore, to measure the karyotype asymmetry of an observed complement only requires determining the differences in both arm ratios and relative lengths between the observed karyotype and its corresponding theoretical symmetrical karyotype. Based on this idea, and employing absolute value distance to measure the difference in symmetry two formulas for measuring asymmetry respectively in arm ratio and relative length are developed as follows: Here r is arm ratio (long / short); Lis relative length (long+short); k is ploidy; x is basic chromosome number; m is the number of homologous chromosomes by which both mean r and mean Late caculated, and L is the total length of a complement. D, and Dt are called arm ratio asymmetry coefficient and length asymmetry coefficient respectively. If the complements concerned have the same basic number, their karyotype asymmetry can be compared by their Dc and D~ values; the greater the D, and Dt values are, the more asymmetrical the karyotype is. When Dc = 0 and Dt = 0, the karyotype is theoretical symmetrical one. In other cases, where basic numbers compared are different, we can use Dc and Ut instead of De and Dt: In investigations on karyotype divergence between populations and chromosome evolution in a group, a plot of two dimensions, De and Dt, is easily used tn show relationships between any two chromosome complements in respect of karyotype asymmetry. Before making a plot, both D, and Dt values are standardized becaues De values are usually different from Dt in order of magnitude. In this paper, normalization is employed, with the mean being zero and square deviation being I of the standardized data set. Three examples, where karyotype data (arm ratios and relative lengths)were pubhshed earlier, are analysed in order to test the validity and sensitivity of the present method. The results are quite satisfactory. Example 1: Karyotype divergence among populations of Streptolirion volubile ssp. volubile(Commclinaceae). Dc and Dt values of five populations, one from Beijing, one from Tibet, two from Yunnan, China, and one from Japan, are calculated. Two-dimension plot (Fig.l) shows that the Japanese population is less asymmetrical than the four Chinese populations. Among the Chinese populations, the two from Yunnan are quite similar to each other in karyotype asymmetry, while they are somewhat different from Beijing and Tibet populations. These results clearly demonstrate that the karyotype di vergence among different populations has taken place though they cannot be distinguished by Levan's karyotype formula and Stebbins' 12-type system. Therefore, the present method is valid and sensitive, and is specially useful fin those cases, where karyotype differences between chromosome complements are too small to be recognized by other methods. Example 2: Homology between Triticum and Aegilops. The karyotype divergence trend within Triticum is distinct in Dt direction (Fig.2), with tetraploid species distributed in the 3rd quadrant and hexaploid in the 2nd quadrant. For Aegilops, karyotype divergence trend in Dt is not as obvious as that in Dc direction. It is interesting to note that the investigated chromosome complements of Aegilops with C genome are usually separated from those of Triticum, while those without C genome but with S or D genome are located within or near Triticum distribution area (Fig.2). This result might indicate that C genome of Aegilops has not been introduced into Triticum, but S and D genomes are closely related to Triticum genome constitution. Example 3: Karyotype evolution in the Taxodiaceae. Karyotype asymmetrization in the Taxodiaceae has taken place in both Dc and Dt directions. ( Fig.3 ) Cryptomeria fortunei is characterized by the most symmetrical karyotype among the taxa studied. 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ClC-2 Activation Modulates Regulatory Volume Decrease

ClC-2 belongs to a large family of chloride channels and its expression in certain cell types is associated with the appearance of swelling-activated chloride (Cl⁻) currents. In the present report, we examined the hypothesis that ClC-2 plays a role in regulatory volume decrease by expressing ClC-2 in Sf9 cells using the baculovirus system. First, we showed that ClC-2 protein expression is associated with appearance of a Cl⁻ conductance which is activated by hypo-osmotic shock and can be distinguished from swelling-activated chloride currents endogenous to Sf9 cells on the basis of its pharmacology and specific inhibition by an anti-ClC-2 antibody. Second, we show that the rate of regulatory volume decrease is significantly enhanced in Sf9 cells expressing ClC-2 protein. Hence, our data support the hypothesis that ClC-2 is capable of mediating regulatory volume decrease. Received: 12 August/Revised: 23 October 1998