凉粉草的组织培养及快速繁殖

1植物名称凉粉草(Mesona chinensis Benth.). 2材料类别茎尖及带腋芽的茎段. 3培养条件基本培养基为MS.(1)丛芽分化培养基:MS 6-BA 1.0 mg·L-1(单位下同) NAA 0.1;(2)增殖培养基:MS 6-BA 0.5 NAA 0.1;(3)生根培养基:MS NAA 0.5.以上培养基均附加3%白糖、0.7%琼脂,pH 5.8.培养温度为25℃左右,光照时间14 h·d-1,光强为20～30 μmol·m-2·s-1.     

Microarray analysis of the gene expression profile in the midgut of silkworm infected with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus

In order to obtain an overall view on silkworm response to Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) infection, a microarray system comprising 22,987 oligonucluotide 70-mer probes was employed to compare differentially expressed genes in the midguts of BmCPV-infected and normal silkworm larvae. At 72 h post-inoculation, 258 genes exhibited at least 2.0-fold differences in expression level. Out of these, 135 genes were up-regulated, while 123 genes were down-regulated. According to gene ontology (GO), 140 genes were classified into GO categories. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicates that 35 genes were involved in 10 significant (P < 0.05) KEGG pathways. The expressions of genes related to valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation, retinol metabolism, and vitamin B6 metabolism were all down-regulated. The expressions of genes involved in ribosome and proteasome pathway were all up-regulated. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to validate the expression patterns of 13 selected genes of interest. The results suggest that BmCPV infection resulted in the disturbance of protein and amino acid metabolism and a series of major physiological and pathological changes in silkworm. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of BmCPV infection and host cell response.     

不同密度下辽东栎幼苗子叶丢失及其对幼苗存活和生长的影响

在宁夏六盘山区龙潭林区华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii )人工林的不同样带, 按6个密度梯度(3.24、2.56、1.96、1.44、1.00和0.64株·m^-2)移栽萌发生根的辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)幼苗, 研究了啮齿动物对幼苗子叶取食的密度效应及其对幼苗存活与生长的影响。结果表明, 辽东栎幼苗的子叶留存率随着幼苗密度的增大而减小。2个高密度处理(3.24和2.56株·m^-2)的幼苗子叶留存率分别在移栽6周和5周后稳定在最低水平, 分别为8.64%和7.81%; 而2个较低密度处理(1.44和0.64株·m^-2)的幼苗在最后一次观测时子叶留存率仍很高, 分别为44.44%和31.25%, 且二者均显著高于其他密度处理(p < 0.05)。受啮齿动物取食的影响, 在从高到低的不同密度处理下, 幼苗的主根留存率分别为64.16%、80.46%、87.23%、80.25%、69.84%和69.84%; 在1.44株·m^-2处理下, 顶芽留存率最高(25.23%), 显著大于3.24株·m^-2处理(4.19%) (p < 0.05), 其他密度处理的顶芽留存率均不足20%。子叶被动物取食的幼苗和子叶完整幼苗的最终留存率基本一致, 仅在个别密度处理的某一观测时期差异显著; 顶芽被动物取食的幼苗留存率略低于顶芽完整幼苗的留存率, 但个别密度处理完全相反; 不同类型幼苗的留存率随时间推移而上下波动, 可能与幼苗顶芽被动物取食后萌生形成新芽有关。幼苗的株高、基径、叶片数和单株叶面积均随密度的减小而略有增大, 但除株高外, 其他3个生长参数均在1.44株·m^-2处理时最大, 与子叶是否被动物取食有一定的对应关系, 即高密度下更多的幼苗丢失了供应其生长所需营养物质的子叶, 从而影响了幼苗的早期生长。研究结果不仅丰富了“负密度效应”理论和种群更新的“增补限制”理论, 也可为六盘山区退化辽东栎灌丛和辽东栎次生林的恢复及生态系统管理提供 参考。     

Twist controls skeletal development and dorsoventral patterning by regulating runx2 in zebrafish

Background

Twist1a and twist1b are the principal components of twists that negatively regulate a number of cellular signaling events. Expression of runx2 and downstream targets is essential for skeletal development and ventral organizer formation and specification in early vertebrate embryos, but what controls ventral activity of maternal runx2 and how twists function in zebrafish embryogenesis still remain unclear.

Methodology/Principal Findings

By studying the loss of twist induced by injection of morpholino-oligonucleotide in zebrafish, we found that twist1a and twist1b, but not twist2 or twist3, were required for proper skeletal development and dorsoventral patterning in early embryos. Overexpression of twist1a or twist1b following mRNA injection resulted in deteriorated skeletal development and formation of typical dorsalized embryos, whereas knockdown of twist1a and twist1b led to the formation of abnormal embryos with enhanced skeletal formation and typical ventralized patterning. Overexpression of twist1a or twist1b decreased the expression of runx2b, whereas twist1a and twist1b knockdown increased runx2b expression. We have further demonstrated that phenotypes induced by twist1a and twist1b knockdown were rescued by runx2b knockdown.

Conclusions/Significance

Together, these results suggest that twist1a and twist1b control skeletal development and dorsoventral patterning by regulating runx2b in zebrafish and provide potential targets for the treatment of diseases or syndromes associated with decreased skeletal development.     

环境微生物学的组学技术应用和突破（英文稿）

由于研究环境变化和微生物群落的需要,近年来高通量组学技术得到了迅猛开发和应用.其中,基于测序和芯片技术的宏基因组学是一个关键的、最成熟的组学技术,为大多数的其它组学技术提供了支撑.相比较而言,宏转录组学、宏蛋白质组学和宏代谢组学也取得了少数的有限成功,但已经显示出可喜的潜力.所有的组学技术都有赖于生物信息学,使得后者成为组学技术应用的一个主要的技术瓶颈.这些新的组学技术对环境微生物学领域产生了革命性的影响,极大地丰富了我们对于环境微生物基因资源和功能活性的了解.     

Preparation and Efficacy of a Live Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine Encapsulated in Chitosan Nanoparticles

Background

Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry caused by pathogenic strains of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Live NDV vaccines are administered by drinking water, eyedrops or coarse aerosol spray. To further enhance mucosal immune responses, chitosan nanoparticles were developed for the mucosal delivery of a live NDV vaccine.

Methodology/Principal Findings

A lentogenic live-virus vaccine (strain LaSota) against NDV encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles were developed using an ionic crosslinking method. Chitosan nanoparticles containing the lentogenic live-virus vaccine against NDV (NDV-CS-NPs) were produced with good morphology, high stability, a mean diameter of 371.1 nm, an encapsulation rate of 77% and a zeta potential of +2.84 mV. The Western blotting analysis showed that NDV structural proteins were detected in NDV-CS-NPs. The virus release assay results of NDV-CS-NPs indicated that NDV was released from NDV-CS-NPs. Chickens immunized orally or intranasally with NDV-CS-NPs were fully protected whereas one out of five chickens immunized with the LaSota live NDV vaccine and three out of five chickens immunized with the inactivated NDV vaccine were dead after challenge with the highly virulent NDV strain F48E9.

Conclusions/Significance

NDV-CS-NPs induced better protection of immunized specific pathogen free chickens compared to the live NDV vaccine strain LaSota and the inactivated NDV vaccine. This study lays a foundation for the further development of mucosal vaccines and drugs encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles.     

Telomere length inversely correlates with radiosensitivity in human carcinoma cells with the same tissue background

A relationship between telomeres and radiosensitivity has been established by several studies based on non-mammalian model systems, mouse models, and few human genetic diseases. However, the relationship has not been proven in human carcinoma cells, which have more clinical significance than these other models. The present study aims to determine whether telomere length is related to radiosensitivity in human carcinoma cells, and to examine the influence of tissue or genetic background. Two HEp-2 larynx squamous carcinoma cell lines, eight hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, and five breast cancer cell lines were used. Telomere length was determined by terminal restriction fragment (TRF) Southern blot analysis and cell survival was measured by a colony-forming assay. Our results indicated that there was a significant negative correlation of telomere length and radiosensitivity in the same tissue-derived cell lines, with or without the same genetic background. Thus, telomere length may be used as a promising tool to predict the radiosensitivity of human carcinomas.     

Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac and Beauveria bassiana on Asiatic corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

In this study, interactions between Cry1Ac, a toxic crystal protein produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner), and Beauveria bassiana on the mortality and survival of Ostrinia furnacalis was evaluated in the laboratory. The results showed that Cry1Ac is toxic to O. furnacalis. Not only were larval growth and development delayed, but pupation, pupal weight and adult emergency also decreased when larvae were fed on artificial diet containing purified Cry1Ac toxin. When third instars O. furnacalis were exposed to combination of B. bassiana (1.8 × 10⁵, 1.8 × 10⁶ or 1.8 × 10⁷ conidia ml⁻¹) and Cry1Ac, (0.2 or 0.8 μg g⁻¹), the effect on mortality was additive, however, the combinations of sublethal concentrations showed antagonism between Cry1Ac (3.2 or 13 μg g⁻¹) and B. bassiana (1.8 × 10⁵ or 1.8 × 10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹). When neonates were reared on sublethal concentrations of Cry1AC until the third instar, and survivors exposed B. bassiana conidial suspension, such treatments showed additive effect on mortality of O. furnacalis except for the combination of Cry1Ac (0.2 μg g⁻¹) and B. bassiana (1.8 × 10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) that showed antagonism.     

青藏高原高寒草地退化对土壤及微生物化学计量特征的影响

草地是我国陆地生态系统的重要组成部分, 具有重要的生产和生态功能。过去几十年来, 受气候变化和过度放牧等因素影响, 我国90%的天然草地发生不同程度退化。草地退化打破了土壤养分平衡, 影响草地生态系统的结构和功能。该研究以青藏高原高寒草地为研究对象, 基于三江源区多点采样和整个青藏高原高寒草地的meta分析相结合的手段, 解析了表层0-10 cm土壤和微生物碳氮磷含量及其化学计量特征随不同草地退化程度(未退化、中度和重度退化)的变化规律。结果显示, 草地退化整体上降低土壤有机碳、总氮和总磷含量及其化学计量比。土壤微生物碳氮含量随着退化程度的加剧而下降, 微生物磷含量不受退化的影响。微生物碳氮磷化学计量比沿退化梯度没有显著的变化规律, 且土壤和微生物元素化学计量比之间未呈现显著相关关系。以上结果表明, 草地退化致使土壤养分化学计量关系发生显著改变, 微生物群落自身却能维持一定的养分平衡。在长时间尺度上, 基于养分平衡的土壤质量提升技术可有效地促进退化高寒草地恢复, 改善其生态系统服务功能。