Fructose reacts spontaneously with proteins in the brain to form advanced glycation end products (AGE) that may elicit neuroinflammation and cause brain pathology, including Alzheimer's disease. We investigated whether fructose is eliminated by oxidative metabolism in neocortex. Injection of [14C]fructose or its AGE‐prone metabolite [14C]glyceraldehyde into rat neocortex in vivo led to formation of 14C‐labeled alanine, glutamate, aspartate, GABA, and glutamine. In isolated neocortical nerve terminals, [14C]fructose‐labeled glutamate, GABA, and aspartate, indicating uptake of fructose into nerve terminals and oxidative fructose metabolism in these structures. This was supported by high expression of hexokinase 1, which channels fructose into glycolysis, and whose activity was similar with fructose or glucose as substrates. By contrast, the fructose‐specific ketohexokinase was weakly expressed. The fructose transporter Glut5 was expressed at only 4% of the level of neuronal glucose transporter Glut3, suggesting transport across plasma membranes of brain cells as the limiting factor in removal of extracellular fructose. The genes encoding aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase, enzymes of the polyol pathway that forms glucose from fructose, were expressed in rat neocortex. These results point to fructose being transported into neocortical cells, including nerve terminals, and that it is metabolized and thereby detoxified primarily through hexokinase activity.
稻纵卷叶螟因其发生面积大、暴发频率高、致害程度重而成为我国水稻生产上的重要害虫。为了阐明大气背景对其北迁重大过程的影响,利用2000—2012年中国稻纵卷叶螟灯诱数据分析了我国水稻主产区稻纵卷叶螟迁入的主要特征;选取2007年7月下旬的一次重大北迁过程作为典型个例,运用中尺度天气研究和预报模式WRF,结合NCEP气象再分析资料,模拟了这一过程的大气背景,推算了稻纵卷叶螟的迁飞轨迹,并分析了大气背景对稻纵卷叶螟灾变性迁入的影响。研究表明:(1)这13年中,我国稻纵卷叶螟的迁入大多在3月初始见,3—8月为北迁期,从南到北先后在华南、西南、江岭、江淮稻区出现迁入峰;9—11月为南迁期,从北到南先后迁入江淮、江岭、华南稻区并出现相应的迁入峰,10月底至11月初为终见期。(2)北迁个例中各站逆推轨迹分析显示:包括再迁飞在内的不同时段虫源地基本上位于降虫区的西南方,迁飞高度都变化于550—850 m之间,但在沿海地区降落的稻纵卷叶螟迁飞轨迹是复杂的。(3)水平气流是稻纵卷叶螟远距离北迁的主要运载动力,925 h Pa上南方稻区一致的偏南气流对稻纵卷叶螟北迁极为有利;三维流场的起伏、特别是垂直气流的强弱变化对迁飞高度的变化起重要的作用。(4)下沉气流和降水是稻纵卷叶螟降落的关键动力因素,两者都对降虫有明显影响。(5)在这一北迁过程中,稻纵卷叶螟种群多降落在相对湿度大的区域,降虫区的相对湿度均在75%以上。 相似文献
The increase in prevalence of antimicrobial resistance makes the search for new antibiotic agents imperative. Antimicrobial
peptides (AMPs) from natural resources have been recognized as suitable tools to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The liver
fluke Clonorchis sinensis living in germ-filled environments could be a good source of antimicrobials. Here, we report the use of a
rational protocol that combines AMP predictions based on their physicochemical properties and their in vivo stability to discover
AMP candidates from the entire genome of C. sinensis. To screen AMP candidates, in silico analyses based on the physicochemical
properties of known AMPs, such as length, charge, isoelectric point, and in vitro and in vivo aggregation values were performed. To
enhance their in vivo stability, proteins having proteolytic cleavage sites were excluded. As a consequence, four high-activity, highstability
peptides were identified. These peptides could be potential starting materials for the development of new AMPs via
structural modification and optimization. Thus, this study proposes a refined computational method to develop new AMPs and
identifies four AMP candidates, which could serve as templates for further development of peptide antibiotics. 相似文献
Under high glucose conditions, endothelial cells respond by acquiring fibroblast characteristics, that is, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), contributing to diabetic cardiac fibrosis. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has cardioprotective properties independent of its glucose-lowering effect. However, the potential mechanism has not been fully clarified. Here we investigated whether GLP-1 inhibits myocardial EndMT in diabetic mice and whether this is mediated by suppressing poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1). Streptozotocin diabetic C57BL/6 mice were treated with or without GLP-1 analog (24 nmol/kg daily) for 24 wks. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed to assess cardiac function. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were cultured in normal glucose (NG) (5.5 mmol/L) or high glucose (HG) (30 mmol/L) medium with or without GLP-1analog. Immunofluorescent staining and Western blot were performed to evaluate EndMT and PARP-1 activity. Diabetes mellitus attenuated cardiac function and increased cardiac fibrosis. Treatment with the GLP-1 analog improved diabetes mellitus–related cardiac dysfunction and cardiac fibrosis. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that hyperglycemia markedly increased the percentage of von Willebrand factor (vWF)+/alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)+ cells in total α-SMA+ cells in diabetic hearts compared with controls, which was attenuated by GLP-1 analog treatment. In cultured HAECs, immunofluorescent staining and Western blot also showed that both GLP-1 analog and PARP-1 gene silencing could inhibit the HG-induced EndMT. In addition, GLP-1 analog could attenuate PARP-1 activation by decreasing the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, GLP-1 treatment could protect against the hyperglycemia-induced EndMT and myocardial dysfunction. This effect is mediated, at least partially, by suppressing PARP-1 activation. 相似文献