植被格局对砒砂岩坡地降雨侵蚀的影响

为进一步研究砒砂岩区不同雨型下植被格局对坡面土壤侵蚀特征的影响,基于野外径流小区原位观测试验与景观生态学相结合的方法,通过对比分析不同坡面的植被斑块格局指数与产流产沙之间的相关关系,阐明植被格局对砒砂岩坡地降雨侵蚀的影响。结果表明:(1)该地区降雨可划分为3类,根据各植被坡面产流产沙能力,得出降雨侵蚀力表现为:雨型II(长历时、大雨量、大雨强) ＞ 雨型III(短历时、小雨量、中雨强) ＞ 雨型I(中历时、中雨量、小雨强)。降雨量和最大30min雨强与产流产沙量呈显著或极显著关系,相关系数0.695以上,是预测该区域水土流失的主要降雨因子。(2)各坡面水土保持能力与降雨类型有关,不同雨型下3种植被坡面减流减沙率分别达0.42%、20.8%以上,不同植被格局坡面减沙效益优于减流效益,3种植被坡面的减流能力为:雨型I ＞ 雨型III ＞ 雨型II。(3)3种植被坡面的径流泥沙模数由小到大依次为:均匀分布 ＜ 聚集分布 ＜ 随机分布,对比区域多年平均径流泥沙模数,3种植被坡面能够减少侵蚀达21.33%以上。(4)景观形状指数和分离度指数是影响坡面产流产沙的主要格局因子,相关系数分别达0.884和0.825以上。产流、产沙量与坡面植被斑块分离度呈显著正相关,与景观形状指数呈显著负相关。坡面产流量(Y₁)与斑块分离度(SPLIT)和景观形状指数(LSI)的关系式为Y₁=8.247SPLIT-6.605LSI+38.928,R²=0.905。以上结果表明植被斑块间的分离度越小,形状越复杂,坡面阻力增大,抗侵蚀能力越强。研究成果可为生态恢复过程中植被斑块格局的优化提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

凋落物和根系对沂蒙山区三种森林恢复方式土壤酸性磷酸酶动力学特征的影响

酸性磷酸酶动力学特征可反映不同底物供应下土壤磷转化状况。以人工恢复的引进种黑松人工林和本地种栓皮栎人工林以及自然恢复的天然次生林为研究对象,开展凋落物添加去除和根系去除对土壤酸性磷酸酶动力学特征的影响研究。结果表明:(1)三种森林恢复方式下土壤酸性磷酸酶活性和最大反应速度(V_max)均为双倍凋落物＞对照＞去除凋落物＞去除根系＞无输入;(2)改变凋落物和根系输入对酸性磷酸酶的半饱和常数(K_m)和催化效率(V_max/K_m)影响不大;(3)酸性磷酸酶活性受速效磷含量的反馈调节;土壤氮可利用性和含水量显著影响酸性磷酸酶活性。改变凋落物和根系输入对引进种黑松人工林土壤有机磷转化能力影响最大,天然次生林次之,本地种栓皮栎人工林最稳定。根系对土壤酸性磷酸酶动力学特征的影响大于凋落物。其结果可为暖温带森林恢复,应对气候变化和森林防火、收集凋落物等管理措施提供理论依据。     

基于工程教育认证的“发酵工程”课程教学设计与实践

“发酵工程”是生物工程专业的核心主干课程,实践性和应用性较强.基于工程教育认证的产出导向理念,设定了“发酵工程”合理具体的课程目标,聚焦学生的工程知识掌握及问题分析、工程设计及研究能力培养.针对不同课程内容模块,以课程目标达成为导向,对教学内容及方法、教学设计与实施过程进行整合并优化,采用了多元化、注重课程形成性评价的...     

粪产碱杆菌的分离鉴定及其生物转化作用

【背景】硫化氢(H2S)作为畜牧生产过程中释放的一种有毒有害气体,严重危害畜禽和人类的健康,因此降解硫化氢特别是生物氧化法转化硫化氢已成为当前研究热点。【目的】筛选高效硫氧化菌株并研究其生物转化作用。【方法】以长春市某养鸡场采集的新鲜粪便为材料,分离鉴定硫氧化菌株。采用单因素分析法优化其生长条件,研究生物转化效率,检测soxY、soxZ基因m RNA表达水平。【结果】获得一株高效硫氧化菌株JF9,经鉴定为粪产碱杆菌。最佳生长条件:底物浓度0.5 g/L,温度35°C,初始pH 7.0,在此条件下Na2S去除率达94%以上。菌株JF9存在soxY和soxZ基因,其转录水平在硫源诱导前后差异显著(P0.05)。【结论】分离得到的粪产碱杆菌具有良好的硫化物转化能力,脱硫过程中硫氧化基因高效表达。     

梨形短梗蠕孢的分生孢子发育研究

采用玻片培养法对梨形短梗蠕孢(Trichocladium achrasporum)的分生孢子发育类型进行了研究。观察结果表明,梨形短梗蠕孢分生孢子既可以在菌丝顶端形成(顶生式),也可以在菌丝中间形成(间生式),其发育方式是全壁芽生式产孢。     

Metal migration and subunit swapping in ALS-linked SOD1: Zn2+ transfer between mutant and wild-type occurs faster than the rate of heterodimerization

The heterodimerization of WT Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1), and mutant SOD1 might be a critical step in the pathogenesis of SOD1-linked amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Rates and free energies of heterodimerization (ΔG_Het) between WT and ALS-mutant SOD1 in mismatched metalation states—where one subunit is metalated and the other is not—have been difficult to obtain. Consequently, the hypothesis that under-metalated SOD1 might trigger misfolding of metalated SOD1 by “stealing” metal ions remains untested. This study used capillary zone electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to track heterodimerization and metal transfer between WT SOD1, ALS-variant SOD1 (E100K, E100G, D90A), and triply deamidated SOD1 (modeled with N26D/N131D/N139D substitutions). We determined that rates of subunit exchange between apo dimers and metalated dimers—expressed as time to reach 30% heterodimer—ranged from t_30% = 67.75 ± 9.08 to 338.53 ± 26.95 min; free energies of heterodimerization ranged from ΔG_Het = -1.21 ± 0.31 to -3.06 ± 0.12 kJ/mol. Rates and ΔG_Het values of partially metalated heterodimers were more similar to those of fully metalated heterodimers than apo heterodimers, and largely independent of which subunit (mutant or WT) was metal-replete or metal-free. Mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis demonstrated that mutant or WT 4Zn-SOD1 could transfer up to two equivalents of Zn²⁺ to mutant or WT apo-SOD1 (at rates faster than the rate of heterodimerization). This result suggests that zinc-replete SOD1 can function as a chaperone to deliver Zn²⁺ to apo-SOD1, and that WT apo-SOD1 might increase the toxicity of mutant SOD1 by stealing its Zn²⁺.     

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae oil as an alternative fat ingredient to soybean oil in laying hen diets

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine whether dietary black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, HI) larvae oil (HILO) could serve as an alternative fat source to soybean oil (SBO) in laying hen diets.MethodsWe randomly assigned 25-week-old Hy-line Brown laying hens (n = 144) to receive (n = 6 hens/group; eight replicates) a control or an experimental diet in which SBO was replaced with 50% (50HILO) or 100% HILO (100HILO).ResultsDietary HILO did not negatively affect body weight or productive performance during the study. The eggs also had similar quality parameters, proximate composition, and cholesterol levels. However, the yolk color index was significantly higher (p<0.01) in the 100HILO than in the other groups. Dietary HILO significantly altered the composition of fatty acids (FAs) in abdominal fat and eggs. Total saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) were significantly increased and decreased in the 50HILO and 100HILO groups, respectively, compared with those in the control group (p<0.001 and p<0.0001, respectively). Specifically, the medium-chain FAs lauric and myristic acids were remarkably increased in the abdominal fat of laying hens fed HILO (p<0.0001), whereas only myristic acid increased in eggs (p<0.0001). Undesirable heavy metal (aluminum, fluorine, arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium) concentrations were below permissible limits in eggs.ConclusionWe considered that HILO could be an alternative dietary fat to SBO for laying hens with maintained productive performance and good egg quality.