Morphomechanical programming of morphogenesis in cnidarian embryos

The factors governing the pattern formation process in the early morphogenesis of a marine colonial hydroid, Dynamena pumila, have been studied. Two different types of morphogenesis have been distinguished. Morphogenesis of the first type goes on via changes in cell shape and cell axis orientation, while morphogenesis of the second type is based upon the active coordinated cell movements associated with cell rearrangements. It was shown that morphogenesis of both types can be considered as cascades in which any event is a consequence of the previous one. The spatial structure of each developmental stage contains information about the direction and the initial conditions of further morphogenesis. So, an "epigenetic program" of morphogenesis gradually originates in the course of development and provides the stable reproduction of spatial structures. It is reasonable to consider the activity of epigenetic factors guiding Dynamena morphogenesis (geometry/topology of an embryo, heterogeneity of an embryo spatial structure, configuration of the field of mechanical stresses of the embryo surface) as "morphomechanical programming" of morphogenesis.     

Arabidopsis RNA-binding protein UBA2a relocalizes into nuclear speckles in response to abscisic acid

The Arabidopsis thaliana RNA binding protein UBA2a is the closest homologue of the Vicia faba AKIP1 (56% identity). Like AKIP1, UBA2a is a constitutively-expressed nuclear protein and in response to ABA it is also reorganized within the nucleus in "speckles" suggesting a possible role of this protein in the regulation of mRNA metabolism during ABA signaling. AKIP1 interacts with, and is phosphorylated by, the upstream ABA-activated protein kinase AAPK. We have investigated if a pathway similar to that described in Vicia faba also exists in Arabidopsis. Our results showed that despite the resemblance between the corresponding Vicia and Arabidopsis proteins, it appears that the function of UBA2a is independent of OST1 phosphorylation.     

Spirochetes in gastropods from Lake Baikal and North American freshwaters: new multi-family, multi-habitat host records

We describe the first records of spirochetes in the gut of fourteen species of continental gastropods from a range of habitats and representing six families (Amnicolidae, Baicaliidae, Bithyniidae, Pyrgulidae, Lithoglyphidae and Benedictiidae). The bacteria were mainly found in the crystalline style sac, as has been reported in marine bivalves. The surveyed habitats include water bodies in North America and Eurasia, including deep water hydrothermal vent and gas hydrate zones in Lake Baikal. Spirochetes were present both in mature and young snails, but were not detected in embryos before hatching, indicating lateral transfer. The surveyed gastropods range in trophic strategy, including phyto-, detrito- and bacteriophagous grazers and filter feeders. Our results indicate that spirochetes are commensal in the surveyed gastropods with potential limited benefit and no detriment to the host animal. We suggest that the specialized internal habitat of the crystalline style sac in molluscs is likely to reveal unrecognized spirochete diversity that will shed new light on gastropod trophic ecology and spirochete diversity.     

Assembly and maintenance of nodes of ranvier rely on distinct sources of proteins and targeting mechanisms

We have investigated the source(s) and targeting of components to PNS nodes of Ranvier. We show adhesion molecules are freely diffusible within the axon membrane and accumulate at forming nodes from local sources, whereas ion channels and cytoskeletal components are largely immobile and require transport to the node. We further characterize targeting of NF186, an adhesion molecule that pioneers node formation. NF186 redistributes to nascent nodes from a mobile, surface pool. Its initial accumulation and clearance from the internode require extracellular interactions, whereas targeting to mature nodes, i.e., those flanked by paranodal junctions, requires intracellular interactions. After incorporation into the node, NF186 is immobile, stable, and promotes node integrity. Thus, nodes assemble from two sources: adhesion molecules, which initiate assembly, accumulate by diffusion trapping via interactions with Schwann cells, whereas ion channels and cytoskeletal components accumulate via subsequent transport. In mature nodes, components turnover slowly and are replenished via transport. VIDEO ABSTRACT:     

An improved rapid method for the preparation of D-rhamnose

A method is developed for the preparation of D-rhamnose from an O-polysaccharide (OPS) isolated by mild acid hydrolysis of Azospirillum brasilense SR75 cell mass. After the OPS hydrolysis, D-rhamnose was recovered by gel-permeation chromatography on Toyopearl TSK HW-40 and was crystallized. The sugar activity was demonstrated immunochemically. The advantages of the method are that it expedites and simplifies the extraction of D-rhamnose and increases its yield.     

Mitochondria targeting of non-peroxidizable triphenylphosphonium conjugated oleic acid protects mouse embryonic cells against apoptosis: role of cardiolipin remodeling

Peroxidation of cardiolipin in mitochondria is essential for the execution of apoptosis. We suggested that integration of oleic acid into cardiolipin generates non-oxidizable cardiolipin species hence protects cells against apoptosis. We synthesized mitochondria-targeted triphenylphosphonium oleic acid ester. Using lipidomics analysis we found that pretreatment of mouse embryonic cells with triphenylphosphonium oleic acid ester resulted in decreased contents of polyunsaturated cardiolipins and elevation of its species containing oleic acid residues. This caused suppression of apoptosis induced by actinomycin D. Triacsin C, an inhibitor of acyl-CoA synthase, blocked integration of oleic acid into cardiolipin and restored cell sensitivity to apoptosis.     

N-homocysteinylation of ovine prion protein induces amyloid-like transformation

Modification of protein lysyl residues by homocysteine (Hcy)-thiolactone generates proteins with altered structures and functions. It has been supposed to be one of the factors inducing protein condensation pathologies. To test a hypothesis that N-homocysteinylation may induce structural changes and in particular amyloidogenic conversion, ovine prion protein (PrP) was modified with Hcy-thiolactone and its physico-chemical properties were studied. N-Hcy-PrP formed insoluble multimers. Mass spectrometry analyses showed that at least K197 and K207 residues of PrP were the sites of N-homocysteinylation. Dynamic light scattering measurements revealed large aggregated N-Hcy-PrP particles of 1μm diameter. They were resistant to proteinase K digestion, and enhanced thioflavin T (ThT)-binding fluorescence, what is characteristic of amyloid structures. Infrared spectroscopy measurements showed increased content of beta-sheet in N-Hcy-PrP compared to unmodified PrP. Epifluorescence microscopy in the presence of ThT revealed cluster-like aggregates of N-Hcy-PrP. The collected data indicate that the N-homocysteinylation causes amyloidogenic transformation of PrP in vitro.     

Pharmacokinetics and toxicology of therapeutic proteins: Advances and challenges

Significant progress has been made in understanding pharmacokinetics (PK),pharmacodynamics (PD),as well as toxicity profiles of therapeutic proteins in animals and humans,which have been in commercial development for more than three decades.However,in the PK arena,many fundamental questions remain to be resolved.Investigative and bioanalytical tools need to be established to improve the translation of PK data from animals to humans,and from in vitro assays to in vivo readouts,which would ultimately lead to a higher success rate in drug development.In toxicology,it is known,in general,what studies are needed to safely develop therapeutic proteins,and what studies do not provide relevant information.One of the major complicating factors in nonclinical and clinical programs for therapeutic proteins is the impact of immunogenicity.In this review,we will highlight the emerging science and technology,as well as the challenges around the pharmacokinetic-and safety-related issues in drug development of mAbs and other therapeutic proteins.