Time reverse automata patterns generated by Spencer-Brown's modulator: invertibility based on autopoiesis

In the present paper the self-consistency or operational closure of autopoiesis is described by introducing time explicitly. It is an extension of Spencer-Brown's idea of time, however. The definition of time is segregated into two parts, corresponding to the syntax and semantics of language, respectively. In this context, time reversibility is defined by the formalization of the relationship between time and self-consistency. This idea has also been discussed in the context of designation and/or naming. Here we will discuss it in the context of cellular automata and explain the structure of one-to-many type mappings. Our approach is the first attempt to extend autopoietic systems in terms of dynamics. It illustrates how to introduce an autopoietic time which looks irreversible, but without the concept of entropy.     

A model of network formation by Physarum plasmodium: Interplay between cell mobility and morphogenesis

The plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum has attracted much attention due its intelligent adaptive behavior. In this study, we constructed a model of the organism and attempted to simulate its locomotion and morphogenetic behavior. By modifying our previous model, we were able to get closer to the actual behavior. We also compared the behavior of the model with that of the real organism, demonstrating remarkable similarity between the two.     

Autonomous Learning in Maze Solution by Octopus

We tested seven octopuses, Octopus vulgaris, in maze-learning experiments. They tried to reach the goal, so as to get a reward, by using various locomotory actions in the path, and sometimes encountered obstacles. They came to select efficient swimming actions in the path; afterwards less efficient tactile actions (crawling, staying put, and so on: these reduce the speed of movement) gradually increased, while time to detour around the obstacle was reduced. To investigate whether octopuses reduce time spent detouring around obstacles by estimating their actions in the path, we devised a trade-off situation in which octopuses were obliged to use tactile actions even though the set-up also encouraged them to use swimming actions. As a result, we could observe that they reduced the detouring time. In that way, we experimentally constituted a perspective as if octopuses looked around the whole maze and estimated their actions. Such a perspective appeared to be autonomous learning.     

Model for a self-repairing system of non-articulated coralline algae.

We propose a perspective for living systems, emphasizing that living systems are organized through the recognition of themselves and their surroundings. Oscillator functions in Brownian Algebra are introduced, supposing that the oscillation can be regarded as metabolism of the living state. We illustrate the idea of the self-repairing model in non-articulated coralline algae. Since various cells of this plant are assumed to be identified with the periodic sequence of oscillations, the individual periodic sequence characterizing a cell is supposed to be determined by a local-interaction rule which can be regarded as the process of self-organization through the recognition of local shape. Owing to accidental injury the rule characterizing a cell's own state can be transformed, and it entails another periodic sequence. We express the oscillator as state flow diagrams, and analyze the relationship between the transformation of the period and the injury which is represented by the removal of transient in flow diagrams.