洛川苹果园土壤水分变化特征

全面掌握洛川果园的土壤水分环境特征,不仅可为苹果的园址选择、砧穗组合和改进土壤水分管理措施提供理论依据,而且对我国苹果产区果园提质增效具有借鉴价值.采用定点土壤水分连续监测法,对洛川苹果园的总体土壤水分环境以及不同生长年限、不同立地类型和乔、矮化果园的土壤水分分异特征进行分析.结果表明： 苹果树根际区 (0～200 cm)土壤水分普遍亏欠,且0～60 cm土层的水分亏欠小于60～200 cm土层;生长季0～60 cm土层贮水量与降水量的变化一致,土壤相对含水量大多<60%,季节性旱象严重;果园剖面土壤含水量变异系数随土壤深度加深而递减;随果园生长年限的增大,土壤剖面贮水量下降;在栽培密度一致的条件下,矮化果园5 m土层土壤含水量均高于乔化果园,而栽培密度大的矮化果园的土壤贮水量低于栽培密度小的乔化果园;塬地成龄果园的土壤水分含量最高,川地次之,台地相对较低.密度对果园土壤水分含量有很大影响,在栽培密度一致的条件下,采用矮化栽培能减少土壤水分消耗,显著提高果园土壤含水量;挖株降低栽培密度是维持苹果园土壤水分平衡、实现可持续发展的有效途径.     

The Chemical Constituents of Endophytic Fungus Trichoderma sp. MFF‐1

A fungal strain named MFF‐1 was isolated from the flower of Pyrethrum cinerariifolium. Based on the sequence at the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, this strain was identified as a Trichoderma sp. Two new compounds, including a mitorubrin derivative and its potential biogenetic precursor, together with a known compound, were isolated from the cultures of the endophytic fungus. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods and determined to be (3S*,6R*,7R*)‐3,4,5,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐7‐hydroxy‐7‐methyl‐8‐oxo‐3‐[(E)‐prop‐1‐enyl]‐1H‐isochromen‐6‐yl 2,4‐dihydroxy‐6‐methylbenzoate ( 1 ), named deacetylisowortmin, (E)‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐3‐(2‐hydroxypent‐3‐enyl)phenol ( 2 ), and wortmannin ( 3 ). All compounds were assayed for antimicrobial activity. Compound 3 showed activity against Candida albicans and Bacillus cereus.     

Genetic variation and covariation in floral allocation of two species of Schiedea with contrasting levels of sexual dimorphism

The evolution of sexual dimorphism depends in part on the additive genetic variance-covariance matrices within females, within males, and across the sexes. We investigated quantitative genetics of floral biomass allocation in females and hermaphrodites of gynodioecious Schiedea adamantis (Caryophyllaceae). The G-matrices within females (G(f)), within hermaphrodites (G(m)), and between sexes (B) were compared to those for the closely related S. salicaria, which exhibits a lower frequency of females and less-pronounced sexual dimorphism. Additive genetic variation was detected in all measured traits in S. adamantis, with narrow-sense heritability from 0.34-1.0. Female allocation and floral size traits covaried more tightly than did those traits with allocation to stamens. Between-sex genetic correlations were all <1, indicating sex-specific expression of genes. Common principal-components analysis detected differences between G(f) and G(m) , suggesting potential for further independent evolution of the sexes. The two species of Schiedea differed in G(m) and especially so in G(f) , with S. adamantis showing greater genetic variation in capsule mass and tighter genetic covariation between female allocation traits and flower size in females. Despite greater sexual dimorphism in S. adamantis, genetic correlations between the two sexes (standardized elements of B) were similar to correlations between sexes in S. salicaria.     

Oral treatment with γ-aminobutyric acid improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by inhibiting inflammation in high fat diet-fed mice

Adipocyte and β-cell dysfunction and macrophage-related chronic inflammation are critical for the development of obesity-related insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which can be negatively regulated by Tregs. Our previous studies and those of others have shown that activation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors inhibits inflammation in mice. However, whether GABA could modulate high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance has not been explored. Here, we show that although oral treatment with GABA does not affect water and food consumption it inhibits the HFD-induced gain in body weights in C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, oral treatment with GABA significantly reduced the concentrations of fasting blood glucose, and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in the HFD-fed mice. More importantly, after the onset of obesity and T2DM, oral treatment with GABA inhibited the continual HFD-induced gain in body weights, reduced the concentrations of fasting blood glucose and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice. In addition, oral treatment with GABA reduced the epididymal fat mass, adipocyte size, and the frequency of macrophage infiltrates in the adipose tissues of HFD-fed mice. Notably, oral treatment with GABA significantly increased the frequency of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs in mice. Collectively, our data indicated that activation of peripheral GABA receptors inhibited the HFD-induced glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and obesity by inhibiting obesity-related inflammation and up-regulating Treg responses in vivo. Given that GABA is safe for human consumption, activators of GABA receptors may be valuable for the prevention of obesity and intervention of T2DM in the clinic.     

甘肃裕固族体质特征初步研究

本文调查了甘肃省裕固族成年人409人(男210人,女199人)的体质特征。其中活体测量51项,活体观察8项。结果表明:裕固族既具有黄种人的特征,也有本民族的特点,例如头部较圆较高;面部较长偏狭;鼻子高;鼻梁直,属狭鼻型;身材普遍较高,体质较好。这些特征与华北地区的汉族和达斡尔族,羌族及锡伯族的特征比较接近,而与苗族、黎族较远。     

Variation in mitochondrial DNA of Vietnamese pigs: relationships with Asian domestic pigs and Ryukyu wild boars

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences (574 bp) of 30 Vietnamese pigs (large and small) were examined and compared with those of 61 haplotypes from wild boars and domestic pigs from various locations in Asia. The large Vietnamese pigs had genetic links to Ryukyu wild boars in southern Japan. The small Vietnamese pigs were closely related to other East Asian domestic pigs. These results indicate that Vietnamese pigs are genetically diverse and may be descendents of wild and domestic pigs from other regions of Asia.     

Y chromosome diversity and paternal origin of Chinese cattle

To determine the Y chromosome genetic diversity and paternal origin of Chinese cattle, 369 bulls from 17 Chinese native cattle breeds and 30 bulls from Holstein and four bulls from Burma were analyzed using a recently discovered USP9Y marker that could distinguish between taurine and indicine cattle more efficiently. In total, the taurine Y1, Y2 haplogroup and indicine Y3 haplogroup were detected in 7 (1.9 %), 193 (52.3 %) and 169 (45.8 %) individuals of 17 Chinese native breeds, respectively, although these frequencies varied amongst the Chinese native cattle breeds examined. Y2 dominates in northern China (91.4 %), while Y3 dominates in southern China (81.2 %). Central China is an admixture zone with Y2 predominating overall (72.0 %). Our results demonstrate that Chinese cattle have two paternal origins, one from B. taurus (Y2) and the other from B. indicus (Y3). The Y1 haplogroup may originate from the imported beef cattle breeds in western countries. The geographical distributions of the Y2 and Y3 haplogroup frequencies reveal a pattern of male indicine introgression from south to north China, and male taurine introgression from north to south China.