全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2175篇 |
免费 | 107篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
2283篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 13篇 |
2021年 | 23篇 |
2020年 | 16篇 |
2019年 | 23篇 |
2018年 | 38篇 |
2017年 | 37篇 |
2016年 | 62篇 |
2015年 | 90篇 |
2014年 | 89篇 |
2013年 | 174篇 |
2012年 | 158篇 |
2011年 | 149篇 |
2010年 | 118篇 |
2009年 | 95篇 |
2008年 | 150篇 |
2007年 | 153篇 |
2006年 | 141篇 |
2005年 | 144篇 |
2004年 | 98篇 |
2003年 | 106篇 |
2002年 | 91篇 |
2001年 | 20篇 |
2000年 | 25篇 |
1999年 | 24篇 |
1998年 | 23篇 |
1997年 | 18篇 |
1996年 | 22篇 |
1995年 | 20篇 |
1994年 | 7篇 |
1993年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 8篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 13篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 13篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 9篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 5篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有2283条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
41.
PEGylation of protein and peptide drugs is frequently used to improve in vivo efficacy. We investigated the action mechanism of tachyplesin I, a membrane-acting cyclic antimicrobial peptide from Tachypleus tridentatus and the effects of PEGylation on the mechanism. The PEGylated peptide induced the leakage of calcein from egg yolk l-α-phosphatidylglycerol/egg yolk l-α-phosphatidylcholine large unilamellar vesicles similarly to the parent peptide. Both peptides induced lipid flip-flop coupled to leakage and was translocated into the inner leaflet of the bilayer, indicating that tachyplesin I forms a toroidal pore and that PEGylation did not alter the basic mechanism of membrane permeabilization of the parent peptide. Despite their similar activities against model membranes, the peptides showed very different biological activities. The cytotoxicity of tachyplesin I was greatly reduced by PEGylation, although the antimicrobial activity was significantly weakened. We investigated the enhancement of the permeability of inner membranes induced by the peptides. Our results suggested that outer membranes and peptidoglycan layers play an inhibitory role in the permeation of the PEG moiety. Furthermore, a reduction in DNA binding by PEGylation may also contribute to the weak activity of the PEGylated peptide. 相似文献
42.
Heming Wang Seiji Hashimoto Qiang Yue Yuichi Moriguchi Zhongwu Lu 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2013,17(4):618-629
We examine decoupling conditions of domestic extraction of materials, energy use, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from gross domestic product (GDP) for two BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries (i.e., China and Russia) and two Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries (Japan and the United States) during 2000–2007, using a pair of decoupling indicators for resource use (Dr) and waste emissions (De) and the decoupling chart, which can distinguish between absolute decoupling, relative decoupling, and non‐decoupling. We find that (1) during 2000–2007, decoupling between environmental indicators and GDP was higher in the two OECD countries as compared with the two BRIC countries. The key reason is that these countries were in different development stages with different economic growth rates. (2) Changes in environmental policies can significantly influence the degree of decoupling in a country. (3) China, Japan, and the United States were more successful in decoupling SO2 emissions from GDP than in decoupling material and energy use from GDP. The main reason is that, unlike resource use, waste emissions (e.g., SO2 emissions) can be reduced by effective end‐of‐pipe treatment. (4) The decoupling indicator is different from the changing rate of resource use and waste emissions. If two countries have different GDP growth rates, even though they may have similar values using the decoupling indicator, they may show different rates of change for resource use and waste emissions. 相似文献
43.
Kelly OG Chan MY Martinson LA Kadoya K Ostertag TM Ross KG Richardson M Carpenter MK D'Amour KA Kroon E Moorman M Baetge EE Bang AG 《Nature biotechnology》2011,29(8):750-756
Using a flow cytometry-based screen of commercial antibodies, we have identified cell-surface markers for the separation of pancreatic cell types derived from human embryonic stem (hES) cells. We show enrichment of pancreatic endoderm cells using CD142 and of endocrine cells using CD200 and CD318. After transplantation into mice, enriched pancreatic endoderm cells give rise to all the pancreatic lineages, including functional insulin-producing cells, demonstrating that they are pancreatic progenitors. In contrast, implanted, enriched polyhormonal endocrine cells principally give rise to glucagon cells. These antibodies will aid investigations that use pancreatic cells generated from pluripotent stem cells to study diabetes and pancreas biology. 相似文献
44.
Yuichi Moriguchi Atsushi Terazono 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2000,5(5):281-286
We developed a simplified emission dispersion and exposure-assessment model designed to reflect the site-specific health impacts
of air pollution in life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA). We proposed an EXposure Per Emission Coefficient (EXPEC), a dimensionless
parameter representing the relative amount of pollutant inhaled per emission. EXPEC values were calculated for two typical
source categories - electric power plants and road vehicles — on a concentric circle model. The EXPEC values were significantly
different for different locations and source categories. We examined the application of EXPEC in a case study that compared
the effects of emissions from electric and gasoline-engine vehicles. EXPEC is a useful tool for assessing spatially differentiated
potential impacts. 相似文献
45.
Seno T Hamaguchi M Ashihara E Kohno M Ishino H Yamamoto A Kadoya M Nakamura K Murakami K Matoba S Maekawa T Kawahito Y 《PloS one》2011,6(10):e25541
Aim
15-Deoxy-Δ12,14 Prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is a ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) having diverse effects such as the differentiation of adipocytes and atherosclerotic lesion formation. 15d-PGJ2 can also regulate the expression of inflammatory mediators on immune cells independent of PPARγ. We investigated the antiatherogenic effect of 15d-PGJ2.Methods
We fed apolipoprotein (apo) E-deficient female mice a Western-type diet from 8 to 16 wk of age and administered 1 mg/kg/day 15d-PGJ2 intraperitoneally. We measured atherosclerotic lesions at the aortic root, and examined the expression of macrophage and inflammatory atherosclerotic molecules by immunohistochemical and real-time PCR in the lesion.Results
Atherosclerotic lesion formation was reduced in apo E-null mice treated with 15d-PGJ2, as compared to in the controls. Immunohistochemical and real-time PCR analyses showed that the expression of MCP-1, TNF-α, and MMP-9 in atherosclerotic lesions was significantly decreased in 15d-PGJ2 treated mice. The 15d-PGJ2 also reduced the expression of macrophages and RelA mRNA in atherosclerotic lesions.Conclusion
This is the first report 15d-PGJ2, a natural PPARγ agonist, can improve atherosclerotic lesions in vivo. 15d-PGJ2 may be a beneficial therapeutic agent for atherosclerosis. 相似文献46.
Arriesgado Dan M. Kurokochi Hiroyuki Nakajima Yuichi Matsuki Yu Uy Wilfredo H. Fortes Miguel D. Campos Wilfredo L. Nadaoka Kazuo Lian Chunlan 《Aquatic Ecology》2015,49(3):357-372
Aquatic Ecology - Persistence of populations at their distributional ranges relies on local population dynamics and the fitness of species with low dispersal potential. We analyzed the population... 相似文献
47.
Shinji Masuda Rei Ikeda Tatsuru Masuda Haruki Hashimoto Tohru Tsuchiya Hiroko Kojima Jiro Nomata Yuichi Fujita Mamoru Mimuro Hiroyuki Ohta Ken‐ichiro Takamiya 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2009,58(6):952-960
In angiosperms, chlorophyll biosynthesis is light dependent. A key factor in this process is protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR), which requires light to catalyze the reduction of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide. It is believed that this protein originated from an ancient cyanobacterial enzyme that was introduced into proto‐plant cells during the primary symbiosis. Here we report that PORs from the cyanobacteria Gloeobacter violaceus PCC7421 and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 function in plastids. First, we found that the G. violaceus POR shows a higher affinity to its substrate protochlorophyllide than the Synechocystis POR but a similar affinity to plant PORs. Secondly, the reduced size of prolamellar bodies caused by a knockdown mutation of one of the POR genes, PORA, in Arabidopsis could be complemented by heterologous expression of the cyanobacterial PORs. Photoactive protochlorophyllide in the etioplasts of the complementing lines, however, was retained at a low level as in the parent PORA knockdown mutant, indicating that the observed formation of prolamellar bodies was irrelevant to the assembly of photoactive protochlorophyllide. This work reveals a new view on the formation of prolamellar bodies and provides new clues about the function of POR in the etioplast–chloroplast transition. 相似文献
48.
49.
Ya‐Qian Zhang Yaosen Tian Yihan Xiao Lincoln J. Miara Yuichi Aihara Tomoyuki Tsujimura Tan Shi M. C. Scott Gerbrand Ceder 《Liver Transplantation》2020,10(27)
The interfacial instability between a thiophosphate solid electrolyte and oxide cathodes results in rapid capacity fade and has driven the need for cathode coatings. In this work, the stability, evolution, and performance of uncoated, Li2ZrO3‐coated, and Li3B11O18‐coated LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathodes are compared using first‐principles computations and electron microscopy characterization. Li3B11O18 is identified as a superior coating that exhibits excellent oxidation/chemical stability, leading to substantially improved performance over cells with Li2ZrO3‐coated or uncoated cathodes. The chemical and structural origin of the different performance is interpreted using different microscopy techniques which enable the direct observation of the phase decomposition of the Li2ZrO3 coating. It is observed that Li is already extracted from the Li2ZrO3 in the first charge, leading to the formation of ZrO2 nanocrystallites with loss of protection of the cathode. After 50 cycles separated (Co, Ni)‐sulfides and Mn‐sulfides can be observed within the Li2ZrO3‐coated material. This work illustrates the severity of the interfacial reactions between a thiophosphate electrolyte and oxide cathode and shows the importance of using coating materials that are absolutely stable at high voltage. 相似文献
50.
Noriaki Sasai Minori Kadoya Agnes Ong Lee Chen 《Development, growth & differentiation》2021,63(1):26-37
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are a useful experimental material to recapitulate the differentiation steps of early embryos, which are usually invisible and inaccessible from outside of the body, especially in mammals. ES cells have greatly facilitated the analyses of gene expression profiles and cell characteristics. In addition, understanding the mechanisms during neural differentiation is important for clinical purposes, such as developing new therapeutic methods or regenerative medicine. As neurons have very limited regenerative ability, neurodegenerative diseases are usually intractable, and patients suffer from the disease throughout their lifetimes. The functional cells generated from ES cells in vitro could replace degenerative areas by transplantation. In this review, we will first demonstrate the historical views and widely accepted concepts regarding the molecular mechanisms of neural induction and positional information to produce the specific types of neurons in model animals. Next, we will describe how these concepts have recently been applied to the research in the establishment of the methodology of neural differentiation from mammalian ES cells. Finally, we will focus on examples of the applications of differentiation systems to clinical purposes. Overall, the discussion will focus on how historical developmental studies are applied to state‐of‐the‐art stem cell research. 相似文献