Rapid determination of plasmid-carrying yeast cells by using an imaging sensor system

A novel imaging sensor system for the determination of plasmid carrying yeast cells was developed. The sensor system consisted of an Silicon Intensifier Target (SIT) video camera, a fluorescent microscope, and a personal computer system equipped with an image memory board. This system was based on the fact that the membrane integrity of only plasmid-carrying cells is lost following cell growth in 5-fluoro-orotic acid (5-FOA) containing medium, and consequently these target cell can be stained with fluorescent probes and detected. In this study, plasmid-carrying cells were detected and their fraction determined in a mixture of both plasmid-carring and plasmid-free cells. A good correlation was observed between the values determined by this sensor system and the conventional method in the 30%-80% range, and one assay was possible within 4 h. This sensor system could be used for the monitoring of plasmid-carrying fraction in recombinant yeast cells during cultivation.     

Characterization of murine cell lines from Diethylstilbestrol-Induced uterine endometrial Adenocarcinomas

Neonatal treatment with estrogens is associated with development of uterine adenocarcinomas in CD-1 mice. Treatment with the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) on Days 1 to 5 after birth results in 90% incidence of these hormonedependent lesions in 18-mo.-old mice. Three cell lines were established from these DES-associated tumors. Each of these cell lines exhibited morphologic and ultrastructural characteristics of transformed epithelial cells, including an increased nuclear:ytoplasmic ratio, enlarged and irregular nuclei with multiple nucleoli and areas of chromatin condensation, positive staining for cytokeratin, desmosomes, and microvilli. After subcutaneous injection into nude mice, all three cell lines formed solid tumors within 4 wk. Although the primary uterine tumors and tumor transplants in nude mice had been shown to be estrogen-dependent and estrogen-receptor positive, neither the monolayer growth nor the tumorigenicity of any of the three cell lines in this study was enhanced by or dependent on estrogen. Estrogen receptor levels were low in early and intermediate passage cells. Allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization analysis of PCR-amplified cell line DNA revealed no point mutations in the 12th, 13th, or 61st codons of the K-ras or H-ras protooncogenes. Southern analysis revealed no changes in genomic organization of the putative tumor suppressor gene DCC, but demonstrated a three-to four-fold amplification of the c-myc gene in one cell line. Expression of c-myc RNA was concomitantly increased in the same cell line. These three transformed cell lines represent the end point in the process of hormone-associated tumorigenesis and as such should prove useful in investigating the molecular changes and the mechanisms involved in hormonal carcinogenesis.     

Two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes from the koningic acid (heptelidic acid) producer Trichoderma koningii

The sesquiterpene lactone koningic acid (heptelidic acid) irreversibly inactivated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)] (EC 1.2.1.12) (GAPDH) and thus inhibits glycolysis. The koningic-acid-producing strain of Trichoderma koningii M3947 was shown to contain the koningic-acid-resistant GAPDH isozyme (GAPDH I) under conditions of koningic acid production. In peptone-rich medium, however, no koningic acid production was observed, and the koningic-acid-sensitive GAPDH isozyme (GAPDH II), in addition to the resistant enzyme, was produced. Both enzymes were tetramer with a molecular mass of 152 kDa (4 x 38 kDa) and lost enzyme activity when two of the four cysteine residues reacted with koningic acid. The apparent Km values of GAPDH I and II for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate were 0.54 mM and 0.33 mM, respectively. The former isozyme was inhibited 50% by 1 mM koningic acid but not affected at 0.1 mM, while the latter isozyme was inhibited 50% at 0.01 mM. The immunochemical properties and partial amino acid sequences suggested that the two isozymes have different molecular structures. These results suggest that GAPDH I is responsible for the glycolysis in T. koningii when koningic acid is produced.     

The blasticidin S resistance gene (bsr) selectable in a single copy state in the Bacillus subtilis chromosome

The blasticidin S resistance gene (bsr), originally isolated from Bacillus cereus, was studied in Bacillus subtilis. It was found that a 617 bp fragment including the intact bsr gene and its 5' flanking region could confer BS resistance on B. subtilis when integrated in its chromosome, even in a single copy state. The construction of a bsr gene cassette and its practical application as a novel selection marker for B. subtilis are reported.     

Comparison of the intestinal bacteria in specific pathogen free mice from different breeders

Specific pathogen free BALB/c mice from 3 commercial laboratory animal breeders in Japan were compared on the composition of caecal flora revealed by selective and nonselective cultivation as well as direct microscopical observation on smears, and relative caecal weight. Large differences were detected in viable counts of total bacteria and almost all bacterial groups, while direct microscopical counts which consisted mainly of fusiform bacteria were almost equal, resulting in diverse recovery rates among 3 breeders. Eubacterium and spiral shaped organisms were not detected from all breeders. There also existed variations within breeders, especially those in the number of Enterobacteriaceae. Relative caecal weight also differed among breeders, suggesting the participation of variety of caecal bacteria in determining this parameter. As these variations in bacteriological status of animals can influence experimental results, standardization of intestinal microbial flora is required.     

Purification and characterization of an (ADP-ribose)n glycohydrolase from human erythrocytes

An (ADP-ribose)n glycohydrolase from human erythrocytes was purified approximately 13,000-fold and characterized. On sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel the purified enzyme appeared homogeneous and had an estimated relative molecular mass (Mr) of 59,000. Amino acid analysis showed that the enzyme had a relatively high content of acidic amino acid residues and low content of basic amino acid residues. Isoelectrofocusing showed that the enzyme was an acidic protein with pI value of 5.9. The mode of hydrolysis of (ADP-ribose)n by this enzyme was exoglycosidic, yielding ADP-ribose as the final product. The Km value for (ADP-ribose)n (average chain length, n = 15) was 5.8 microM and the maximal velocity of its hydrolysis was 21 mumol.min-1.mg protein-1. The optimum pH for enzyme activity was 7.4 KCl was more inhibitory than NaCl. The enzyme activity was inhibited by ADP-ribose and cAMP but not the dibutyryl-derivative (Bt2-cAMP), cGMP or AMP. These physical and catalytic properties are similar to those of cytosolic (ADP-ribose)n glycohydrolase II, but not to those of nuclear (ADP-ribose)n glycohydrolase I purified from guinea pig liver [Tanuma, S., Kawashima, K. & Endo, H. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 965-969]. Thus, human erythrocytes contain (ADP-ribose)n glycohydrolase II. The kinetics of degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) bound to histone H1 by purified erythrocyte (ADP-ribose)n glycohydrolase was essentially the same as that of the corresponding free poly(ADP-ribose). In contrast, the glycohydrolase showed appreciable activity of free oligo(ADP-ribose), much less activity on the corresponding oligo(ADP-ribose) bound to histone H1. The enzyme had more activity on oligo(ADP-ribose) bound to mitochondrial and cytosolic free mRNA ribonucleoprotein particle (mRNP) proteins than on oligo(ADP-ribose) bound to histone H1. It did not degrade mono(ADP-ribosyl)-stimulatory guanine-nucleotide-binding protein (Gs) and -inhibitory guanine-nucleotide-binding protein (Gi) prepared with cholera and pertussis toxins, respectively. These results suggest that cytosolic (ADP-ribose)n glycohydrolase II may be involved in extranuclear de(ADP-ribosyl)n-ation, but not in membrane de-mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation.     

Exocytotic release of secretory granules from endocrine cells in the midgut of insects

Summary Exocytotic release of the secretory granules of the endocrine cells in the midgut of a cockroach, Periplaneta americana, was studied by means of fixation with tannic acid in combination with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. A sequence of images indicative of exocytosis suggests the following steps in this process: (1) A delicate connection appears between the granule-limiting membrane and the plasma membrane. (2) The plasma membrane approaches the granule, forming a concave indentation. (3) The granule-limiting membrane fuses with the plasma membrane and opens to give rise to an omega profile. (4) The granule content is voided into extracellular space. Exocytosis occurs not only at the base of the cell but occasionally at its side facing adjacent cells. (5) The exocytotic invagination after release becomes smaller and narrower; sometimes a coated pit with bristles appears. Multiple exocytosis, and exocytosis in the endocrine cells of the nidus, i.e., the regenerative cell mass, are also described.     

The late-replicating X chromosome in digynous mouse triploid embryos

Using BrdU-labeling and acridine orange staining, the behavior of X-chromosome replication was studied in 28 XXX and 19 XXY digynous mouse triploids. In some of these the paternal and maternal X chromosome could by cytologically distinguished. Such embryos were obtained by mating chromosomally normal females with males carrying Cattanach's X chromosome which contains an autosomal insertion that substantially increases the length of this chromosome. In the XXX triploids there were two distinct cell lines, one with two late-replicating X chromosomes, and the other with only one late-replicating X. The XXY triploids were also composed of two cell populations, one with a single late-replicating X and the other with no late replicating X chromosome. Assuming that the late-replicating X is genetically inactive, in both XXX and XXY triploids, cells from the embryonic region tended to have only one active X chromosome, whereas those from the extra-embryonic membranes tended to have two active X chromosomes. The single active X chromosome was either paternal or maternal in origin, but two active X chromosomes were overwhelmingly maternal in origin, suggesting paternal X-inactivation in extra-embryonic tissues.     

Electrophoretically estimated genetic distance and divergence time between chimpanzee and man

Amount of genetic differentiation between chimpanzee and man was estimated from the result of comparative electrophoretic screening of blood protein variations at 32 independent genetic loci. TheNei's genetic distance (D) was calculated as 0.4514, and from this value the divergence time between the two species was estimated as 2.26 million years; considering the variation among amino-acid substitution rate in different proteins, the corrected figures were given as genetic distance of 0.5706 and divergence time of 2.85 million years. This genetic difference is considered too small the two species to be allocated in different families, in accordance with the results of the similar kind of analyses byKing andWilson (1975) and Bruce andAyala (1979). Discussions were made for a discrepancy between the divergence times estimated by using and not by using the splitting time recognized by paleoprimatologists as a reference, and for the difference in the estimations made in different laboratories.