基于林业清查资料的桂西北植被碳空间分布及其变化特征

基于2005-2010年林业资源清查数据,采用材积源生物量法,运用地理信息系统技术,估算和分析了桂西北植被碳密度及其储量的空间分布及其变化。结果显示:(1) 研究区域从2005年到2010年呈现碳汇变化趋势,植被碳储量由4.19×10⁴t增加到4.27×10⁴t(增幅为1.84%),植被碳密度从29.04t/hm²增加到29.57 t/hm²。(2) 从治理措施、林种起源方式及林种类型来看,自然保护区的植被碳密度最大,超过40 t/hm²。2005-2010年,人工植苗、直播、飞播和萌生方式植被碳密度增加,退耕还林工程的植被碳密度均呈明显增长(增加3.00 t/hm²),所有林种碳密度都呈不同程度的增长。 (3)植被碳密度空间分布上,大致表现为西部高、中东部低,北部高、南部低。西部区植被碳密度均值超过40 t/hm²,中东部区植被碳密度均值低于25 t/hm²。植被碳密度变化在空间分布上表现为无论是非喀斯特区还是喀斯特区的植被碳密度都有增长趋势,其中有7个县市植被碳密度升级为更高等级。研究表明,随着退耕还林、生态移民等治理措施的实施,区域植被碳密度显著增加,生态环境好转。     

桂西北典型喀斯特区生态服务价值的环境响应及其空间尺度特征

Study on ecosystem service values (ESVs) is the bridge of understanding ecosystem and economic decision-making. To investigate the response of ESVs to ambient environment and their spatial scales is an urgent work in the process of ecological restoration and sustainable development in southwest China. Based on the previous research results, the remote images, and weather data of 31 years (1975-2005), the response of ESVs to ambient environment and their spatial scales in a typical karst area of northwest Guangxi, China were evaluated with the method of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) in this paper. The results showed that ESVs had obvious variations with changes in elevation, rocky types and soil types, and had corresponding characteristics of spatial scales. The ESVs in middle and low elevation areas were higher, but they decreased due to human activities such as deforestation. The ESVs in peak-cluster depression areas were lower, and they would increase as influenced by policies such as returning farmland to forestland. The ESVs were influenced by rocky types, showing lower values but an increasing trend in the typical karst regions while higher values but a decreasing trend in non-karst regions. The average ESVs in the west part of the study region, which is not only the main nature reserve for rare wildlife species in Guangxi, but also one of the best preserved natural vegetation regions in China, were more than 15,000 RMB Yuan ha-1,. Comparatively, the ESVs were less than 10,000 Yuan ha-1 in the middle part of the region attributed to low vegetation coverage, serious peak-cluster depression and karst rocky desertification. After about 20 years, that is from 1985 to 2005, the ecosystem conditions had been improved and the ESVs had increased in the middle and eastern part of this study region. On the contrary, in most western part, which was dominated by subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, they had been worsened, and the balance values of ESVs were negative. As for the relationships of ESVs with rocky types and soil types, lime soil and red soil were the two main soil types that contributed to ESVs (The total contribution was above 60%, and it is 63.77%,64.37%,64.56%,64.91% respectively in the four years of 1985, 1990, 2000 and 2005.). The variance contribution of intrinsic mode function (IMF) and trend (R) showed that there were obvious special sales for ESVs in this study area, and the main spatial scales were about 2.7 km, 5.5 km, and 11.6 km. The variance contribution ratio was 12.29%, 11.26%, 11.49% respectively, and the trend (R) was high (17.74%). In conclusion, this study indicated that ecosystem conditions in the typical karst area were improved owing to the application of rocky desertification control policies, such as ecological migration and returning farmland to forestland. Besides, the main spatial scales of ESVs in the study area were the interactions of terrain, physiognomy, land use / land cover and human activities.     

海拔梯度变化对武夷山黄山松林土壤磷组分和有效性的影响

土壤磷（P）是植物生长必需的养分元素,也是亚热带森林生产力的主要限制元素。目前,关于不同海拔土壤P组分和P有效性的变化规律尚无统一定论,其原因主要是忽略了植被类型变化导致的P组分和P有效性对海拔的响应更为复杂。因此,以武夷山不同海拔黄山松林为研究对象,通过测定土壤环境因素、理化性质、微生物生物量（SMB）、酸性磷酸单酯酶（ACP）和磷酸双酯酶（PD）活性以及土壤P组分,探究土壤P组分和P有效性的变化及其影响因素。结果表明,随海拔降低,速效P含量显著增加,而易分解P、中等易分解P、难利用P和总磷含量显著减少。冗余分析结果表明,微生物生物量磷和微生物生物量氮是影响土壤P组分和P有效性变化的关键因素。研究表明,随海拔降低,黄山松林土壤微生物通过提高ACP、PD活性和降低SMB含量的能量分配策略,促进更多较难分解P组分的矿化,从而提高速效P含量,以满足微生物对P的需求。因此,在低海拔地区,微生物通过能量分配策略获取更多有效P,可能有利于提高武夷山黄山松林土壤速效P的供应,但从长期来看,可能使P矿化速率提高和P损耗增加,导致P库的储备不足,不利于土壤P素养分的可持续供应。     

3年高氮添加对黄山松土壤真菌网络稳定性的影响

土壤真菌群落对维持生态系统功能至关重要,然而氮沉降等环境变化如何影响其稳定性尚不清楚。利用高通量测序和网络分析,探究了连续三年不同氮添加水平对土壤真菌群落特征的影响,并通过计算"内聚力"量化连通性以预测真菌网络的稳定性。结果表明,真菌多样性及其群落稳定性对氮添加的响应存在明显的时间效应。相比于前2年,第3年氮添加改变了真菌β多样性,且低氮添加显著提高了0-10 cm土层真菌Chao1和Shannon指数。网络分析发现,随着氮添加量的增加真菌网络正连接比例增加,平均聚类系数和模块性降低。内聚力分析表明,第3年高氮添加显著降低了两个土层的真菌负:正内聚力的绝对值,而低氮添加提高或不改变两者的比值。这说明高剂量氮添加将通过破坏真菌群落的稳定性影响其生态系统服务功能。研究为评价不同水平氮添加下森林土壤真菌群落稳定性提供了新的见解,对评价氮沉降的生态效应具有科学意义。     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠啮齿动物群落动态：Ⅲ.变量的频次分布和预测

本文用Ｘ＾２方和柯尔莫哥洛夫检验分析了北美Ｃｈｉｈｕａｈｕａｎ荒漠啮齿动物群落６个生态学变量的频次分布,并用移动平均和指数平滑方法拟合了这些变理的动态变化。结果显示：１）结合种群密度、生物量、物种均匀性和生物量均匀性服从正态分布;２）物种数和物种多样性的频次为向右偏斜的分布,无法用常见的理论分布来近似表示;３）单移动平均和双移动平均分别较好地描述了和的种多样性和物种均匀性;４）其余４个变量可用单指     

降钙素基因相关肽对不同程度冠脉狭窄时的心脏功能的影响

本实验观察了冠脉内注射降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ０．３μｇ／ｋｇ）对正常及不同程度冠脉狭窄犬的心功能的影响。结果表明正常犬冠脉内注射ＣＧＲＰ后,平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）下降１．２ｋＰａ（Ｐ＜０．０５）,同时,心率（ＨＲ）、心输出量（ＣＯ）、左室收缩压峰值（ＬＶＳＰ）均不同程度增加;左室舒张末压（ＬＶＥＤＰ）轻度降低。在中度狭窄３０ｍｉｎ后,冠脉内注射ＣＧＲＰ对ＨＲ、ＭＡＰ无明显影响;而重度狭窄后注射ＣＧＲＰ,ＭＡＰ由狭窄时降低逐渐增高,ＨＲ由增快而变慢。ＣＯ、ＬＶＳＰ均显著增高,ＬＶＥＤＰ降低,此作用较冠脉狭窄前更为明显。提示ＣＧＲＰ扩张冠脉动脉,增加冠脉血流量和心排血量,增强心肌收缩力,对缺血心脏功能有保护作用。     

Development of the urinary system of the marsupial native cat Dasyurus hallucatus.

The development of the mesonephros and metanephros was examined in the marsupial Northern native cat, Dasyurus hallucatus, from birth through to the end of lactation. The mesonephros was present at birth, reached a maximum volume 11 days after birth and had regressed completely by day 30. The metanephros was present on day 2; glomeruli were first seen on day 8, and nephrogenesis continued until day 89 post partum. The newborn native cat is at a very primitive stage of development compared to other marsupials. However, at weaning, like other marsupial species, the native cat has developed a fully morphological and functional urinary system.     

Bestrophin and TMEM16—Ca activated Cl channels with different functions

In the past, a number of candidates have been proposed to form Ca²⁺ activated Cl⁻ currents, but it is only recently that two families of proteins, the bestrophins and the TMEM16-proteins, recapitulate reliably the properties of Ca²⁺ activated Cl⁻ currents. Bestrophin 1 is strongly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium, but also at lower levels in other cell types. Bestrophin 1 may form Ca²⁺ activated chloride channels and, at the same time, affect intracellular Ca²⁺ signaling. In epithelial cells, bestrophin 1 probably controls receptor mediated Ca²⁺ signaling. It may do so by facilitating Ca²⁺ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby indirectly activating membrane localized Ca²⁺-dependent Cl⁻ channels. In contrast to bestrophin 1, the Ca²⁺ activated Cl⁻ channel TMEM16A (anoctamin 1, ANO1) shows most of the biophysical and pharmacological properties that have been attributed to Ca²⁺-dependent Cl⁻ channels in various tissues. TMEM16A is broadly expressed in both mouse and human tissues and is of particular importance in epithelial cells. Thus exocrine gland secretion as well as electrolyte transport by both respiratory and intestinal epithelia requires TMEM16A. Because of its role for Ca²⁺-dependent Cl⁻ secretion in human airways, it is likely to become a prime target for the therapy of cystic fibrosis lung disease, caused by defective cAMP-dependent Cl⁻ secretion. It will be very exciting to learn, how TMEM16A and other TMEM16-proteins are activated upon increase in intracellular Ca²⁺, and whether the other nine members of the TMEM16 family also form Cl⁻ channels with properties similar to TMEM16A.     

Age-dependent mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in infants and young children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

This study was designed to find the effects of age on circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and their mobilization in infants and young children following surgical correction of congenital heart defects. In 60 consecutive infants and young children (1 month to 3 years old) undergoing repair of atrial/ventricular septal defect, the numbers of EPCs and plasma levels of IL-6, -8, -10, TNF-α, VEGF and G-CSF were determined preoperatively, at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), as well as 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h following surgery. Preoperative EPCs were reduced with increased age, similar to changes in plasma VEGF and G-CSF levels. Rapid mobilizations of EPCs and plasma VEGF, G-CSF were induced by cardiac surgery with CPB in all infants and young children, and the increased volumes of EPCs, VEGF and G-CSF decreased with age decreasing. The increased volumes of IL-6, -8, -10 and TNF-α were similar in different age groups. However, mobilization of EPCs, plasma VEGF and G-CSF were limited in infants <6 months old, which did not correlate with change in inflammatory IL activation. Preoperative EPCs and plasma levels of VEGF and G-CSF were reduced with increasing age in infants and young children. Although a significant increase in EPCs and release of cytochemokines were observed in infants undergoing CPB, the mobilization of EPCs of the infants <6 months old are limited.