Genetic diversity of the Chinese goat in the littoral zone of the Yangtze River as assessed by microsatellite and mtDNA

The objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of goats in the Yangtze River region using microsatellite and mtDNA to better understand the current status of those goat genetic diversity and the effects of natural landscape in fashion of domestic animal genetic diversity. The genetic variability of 16 goat populations in the littoral zone of the Yangtze River was estimated using 21 autosomal microsatellites, which revealed high diversity and genetic population clustering with a dispersed geographical distribution. A phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial D‐loop region (482 bp) was conducted in 494 goats from the Yangtze River region. In total, 117 SNPs were reconstructed, and 173 haplotypes were identified, 94.5% of which belonged to lineages A and B. Lineages C, D, and G had lower frequencies (5.2%), and lineage F haplotypes were undetected. Several high‐frequency haplotypes were shared by different ecogeographically distributed populations, and the close phylogenetic relationships among certain low‐frequency haplotypes indicated the historical exchange of genetic material among these populations. In particular, the lineage G haplotype suggests that some west Asian goat genetic material may have been transferred to China via Muslim migration.     

Adipose Tissue Dysfunction Occurs Independently of Obesity in Adipocyte‐Specific Oncostatin Receptor Knockout Mice

Objective

This study examined the phenotypic effects of adipocyte‐specific oncostatin M receptor (OSMR) loss in chow‐fed mice.

Methods

Chow‐fed adipocyte‐specific OSMR knockout (FKO) mice and littermate OSMR^fl/fl controls were studied. Tissue weights, insulin sensitivity, adipokine production, and stromal cell immunophenotypes were assessed in epididymal fat (eWAT); serum adipokine production was also assessed. In vitro, adipocytes were treated with oncostatin M, and adipokine gene expression was assessed.

Results

Body weights, fasting blood glucose levels, and eWAT weights did not differ between genotypes. However, the eWAT of OSMR^FKO mice was modestly less responsive to insulin stimulation than that of OSMR^fl/fl mice. Notably, significant increases in adipokines, including C‐reactive protein, lipocalin 2, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, and insulinlike growth factor binding protein 6, were observed in the eWAT of OSMR^FKO mice. In addition, significant increases in fetuin A and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 were detected in OSMR^FKO serum. Flow cytometry revealed a significant increase in leukocyte number and modest, but not statistically significant, increases in B cells and T cells in the eWAT of OSMR^FKO mice.

Conclusions

The chow‐fed OSMR^FKO mice exhibited adipose tissue dysfunction and increased proinflammatory adipokine production. These results suggest that intact adipocyte oncostatin M–OSMR signaling is necessary for adipose tissue immune cell homeostasis.

     

喜马拉雅东部雅鲁藏布江大峡弯河谷地区植被组成特点

论述了喜马拉雅东部雅鲁藏布江大峡弯河谷地区（即海拔６００～２５００ｍ）的植被组成特征。本地区原始植被主要有：（１）热带低山半常绿雨林,阿丁枫＋千果榄仁群落,阿丁枫＋小果紫薇群落,阿丁枫群落;（２）亚热带常绿阔叶林,刺栲＋阿丁枫群落,刺栲群落,短刺栲＋毛曼青冈＋西藏石栎群落,西藏栎＋毛曼青冈群落,通麦栎群落;（３）亚热带山地半常绿阔叶林,薄片青冈群落,俅江栎群落;（４）常绿针叶林,不丹松群落,喀西松     

Enzymatic synthesis of esters in organic medium with lipase from Byssochlamys fulva

Enzymatic esterification of sugars and fatty acids in tertiary butyl alcohol with lipase from Byssochlamys fulva NTG 9 was studied. Of different fatty acids examined, linoleic acid yielded the highest percentage of esterification of sugar (65.5%). Fructose gave a much higher percentage of esterification of fatty acid (71.3%) than glucose (47.8%), lactose (0%), maltose (67%) and sucrose (36.6%).     

16种伞形科药用植物对超氧自由基的清除作用

采用Ｎａ２Ｓ２Ｏ４ＮａＯＨＬｕｍｉｎｏｌ发光体系,应用智能化学发光法对１６种伞形科药用植物提取物的自由基清除能力和对酪氨酸酶的抑制能力进行筛选。实验结果表明这些伞形科药用植物大都具有清除自由基的作用,其中羌活（ＮｏｔｏｐｔｅｒｙｇｉｕｍｆｏｒｂｅｓｉｄｅＢｏｉｓ．）的“ＳＯＤ样作用”达到２９６７Ｕ／ｍｇ（原生药量）,提示这些植物具有稳定的非酶类清除自由基物质,并且“ＳＯＤ样作用”强弱与其对酪氨酸酶的抑制能力呈明显正相关。     

中国植物区系新资料

报道了两个采自西藏墨脱雅鲁藏布江大峡弯地区的中国新记录种———墨脱尖子木Ｏｘｙｓｐｏｒａｃｅｒｎｕａ（Ｒｏｘｂ．）Ｔｒｉａｎａ;墨脱木槿ＨｉｂｕｓｃｕｓｆｒａｇｒａｎｓＲｏｘｂ．     

Purification and characterization of diacetyl reductase from Kluyveromyces marxianus

Diacetyl reductase from Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-1196 was purified 27.5-fold with a yield of 13% by ammonium sulphate fractionation, DEAE-anion exchange chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography and chromatofocusing. The purified enzyme was most active at pH 7.0 and exhibited optimal activity at 40°C. The K _m and V _max values for diacetyl were 2.5 mmol 1^-1 and 0.026 mmol 1^-1 min^-1, respectively. The enzyme did not react with monoaldehydes or monoketones, but reduced acetoin, diacetyl and methylglyoxal with NADH as a cofactor. The enzyme had an isoelectric point (pl) of pH 5.8, and its molecular weight was 50 kDa.     

Effect of inulin on yeast inulinase production in sauerkraut brine

Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-1196 produced the highest inulinase activity (38 U/mg protein) of six yeasts examined after 24 h growth in sauerkraut brine in shaking flasks at 30°C with 0.3% inulin as an enzyme inducer. The enzyme was recovered by acetone fractionation, with a yield of 81%. It had maximum activity at pH 4.4 and 55°C with K _m values for inulin and sucrose of 3.92 mm and 11.9 mm, respectively. The yeast raised the pH from 3.4 to above 7.0, using all the lactic acid in the brine. Growth of K. marxianus in sauerkraut brine with a small amount of inulin may usefully decrease the BOD and concomitantly produce inulinase.The authors are with the Department of Food Science and Technology, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456, USA     

汉坦病毒抗原性差异及其基因分型

用抗汉坦病毒单克隆抗体（Ｍｃ－Ａｂ）对汉坦病毒Ｂ７８株（来自病人血）和Ｒ１７８株（分离自褐家鼠）进行间接免疫荧光试验,以分析病毒的单克隆抗体反应谱,又用病毒免疫血清进行交叉中和试验,结果表明,两株病毒均具有双型（Ⅰ型／ＨＴＮ型和Ⅱ型／ＳＥＯ型）反应特征,但Ｒ１７８株基本上属于Ⅰ型。用汉坦病毒Ⅰ￣Ⅳ型型特异性引物进行ＰＣＲ扩增,Ｂ７８株用Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型引物均得到特异性扩增,而Ｒ１７８株虽经重复扩增均未见     

Ultrastructural localization of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity in cardiac muscle fiber and cardiac mitochondrial fraction of the rat

Summary The ventricular heart muscle of the rat was fixed in glutaraldehyde-formaldehyde mixture. The tissue blocks were incubated in a medium containing 20 mM 1-aspartic acid, 2 mM -ketoglutaric acid and 6 mM lead nitrate as major ingredients. The enzymatic reaction product due to glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) activity was found to be localized in the cristae and at the surface of the mitochondria, in the cisternae of the nuclear envelope and in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Isolation of the mitochondrial fraction from the homogenate of the fixed heart muscle was performed, and GOT activity in this fraction was demonstrated both histochemically and biochemically.This Work was Supported by a Research Grant from the Medical Research Council of Canada (MA-3340).