The Mammalian Protein (rbet1) Homologous to Yeast Bet1p Is Primarily Associated with the Pre-Golgi Intermediate Compartment and Is Involved in Vesicular Transport from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi Apparatus

Yeast Bet1p participates in vesicular transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus and functions as a soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) associated with ER-derived vesicles. A mammalian protein (rbet1) homologous to Bet1p was recently identified, and it was concluded that rbet1 is associated with the Golgi apparatus based on the subcellular localization of transiently expressed epitope-tagged rbet1. In the present study using rabbit antibodies raised against the cytoplasmic domain of rbet1, we found that the majority of rbet1 is not associated with the Golgi apparatus as marked by the Golgi mannosidase II in normal rat kidney cells. Rather, rbet1 is predominantly associated with vesicular spotty structures that concentrate in the peri-Golgi region but are also present throughout the cytoplasm. These structures colocalize with the KDEL receptor and ERGIC-53, which are known to be enriched in the intermediate compartment. When the Golgi apparatus is fragmented by nocodazole treatment, a significant portion of rbet1 is not colocalized with structures marked by Golgi mannosidase II or the KDEL receptor. Association of rbet1 in cytoplasmic spotty structures is apparently not altered by preincubation of cells at 15°C. However, upon warming up from 15 to 37°C, rbet1 concentrates into the peri-Golgi region. Furthermore, rbet1 colocalizes with vesicular stomatitis virus G-protein en route from the ER to the Golgi. Antibodies against rbet1 inhibit in vitro transport of G-protein from the ER to the Golgi apparatus in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition can be neutralized by preincubation of antibodies with recombinant rbet1. EGTA is known to inhibit ER-Golgi transport at a stage after vesicle docking but before the actual fusion event. Antibodies against rbet1 inhibit ER-Golgi transport only when they are added before the EGTA-sensitive stage. These results suggest that rbet1 may be involved in the docking process of ER- derived vesicles with the cis-Golgi membrane.     

Principles of protein folding--a perspective from simple exact models.

General principles of protein structure, stability, and folding kinetics have recently been explored in computer simulations of simple exact lattice models. These models represent protein chains at a rudimentary level, but they involve few parameters, approximations, or implicit biases, and they allow complete explorations of conformational and sequence spaces. Such simulations have resulted in testable predictions that are sometimes unanticipated: The folding code is mainly binary and delocalized throughout the amino acid sequence. The secondary and tertiary structures of a protein are specified mainly by the sequence of polar and nonpolar monomers. More specific interactions may refine the structure, rather than dominate the folding code. Simple exact models can account for the properties that characterize protein folding: two-state cooperativity, secondary and tertiary structures, and multistage folding kinetics--fast hydrophobic collapse followed by slower annealing. These studies suggest the possibility of creating "foldable" chain molecules other than proteins. The encoding of a unique compact chain conformation may not require amino acids; it may require only the ability to synthesize specific monomer sequences in which at least one monomer type is solvent-averse.     

华南植物区系的评论（三） Ⅳ．旋花科一些种类的修订

作者编写《广东植物志》旋花科时,对据本科的花粉形态特征划分族和属的意义予肯定并采用之;现将其中４个属、６个分类单位的分类或其分布等予于报道．对华南和北越的心萼薯属植物作修订;论证本地区不产ＡｎｉｓｅｉａＣｈｏｉｓｙ．被认为该属的狭花心萼薯Ａ．ｓｔｅｎａｎｔｈｏ和大花心萼薯Ａ．ｓｔｅｎａｎｔｈａｖａｒ．ｍａｃｒｏｓｒｅｐｈａｎａ均是龙骨萼牵牛Ｉｐｏｍｏｅａａｔｅｎａｎｔｈａ;心萼薯Ａｎｉｓｅｉａｂｉｆｌｏｒａ是毛牵牛Ａｎｉｓｅｉａｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ;云南土丁桂Ｅｖｏｌｖｕｌｕｓｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ作新异名处理．应为我国新纪录的归化种（美洲土丁桂Ｅ．ｎｕｍｍｕｌａｒｉｕｓ）;裂叶鳞蕊藤Ｌｅｐｉｓｔｅｍｏｎｌｏｂａｔｕｍ为越南新纪录．也分布于我国江西、海南;海滩牵牛Ｉｐｏｍｏｅｏｓｔｏｌｏｎｉｆｅｒａ这个开白花的海滩植物是一种中草药;虎脚牵牛Ｉｐｏｍｏｅａｐｅｓ－ｔｉｇｒｉｄｉｓ是亚洲和非洲东部热带的广布种,广东大陆西部也有;它是ＩｐｏｍｏｅａＬｉｎｎ．选模式种;这属的中名,本文恢复《广州植物志》（１９５６）等采用的牵牛属,会比较确切用“番薯属”为这个属的中名。     

陕西乾县的旧石器

石制品八件,发现于陕西乾县大北沟黄土之下砂砾粘土层中,和更新世晚期的哺乳类化石伴存。另外由大北沟附近地表拾到一件手斧,和蓝田平梁的大尖状器相似,推测为旧石器时代的文化遗物。     

小麦×大麦胚胎发育的研究——Ⅰ.小麦×大麦胚和胚乳发育的观察

本试验以206小麦为母本,二棱大麦旱燕3号和六棱大麦原早1号为父本进进杂交。结果表明,两个组合早期的胚胎发育基本上是正常的,前者成胚率为8.75%,后者为16.8%。胚乳核最早于授粉后3天开始形成细胞。当胚乳细胞充满囊后,很快就转入迅速解体,胚随即停止生长,没有能够进一步分化出器官来。胚乳于授粉15天后,几乎全部败育,胚亦相继夭亡。胚胎发育过程中的不正常现象普遍存在。主要是极核受精过程遭受破坏;合子和初生胚乳核发育停滞;原胚虽能正常发育而胚乳没有形成;胚乳细胞过早形成和迅速解体等。讨论了杂交不孕和胚乳败育的原因。同时,提出了幼胚离体培养的适宜时间。     

水稻OsPR10A的表达特征及其在干旱胁迫应答过程中的功能

利用免疫印迹(WB)分析了水稻(Oryza sativa) OsPR10A在其不同生长时期、不同组织部位及多种非生物逆境胁迫下的表达特征, 发现OsPR10A在干旱、盐胁迫以及茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)和脱落酸(ABA)诱导下表达量明显升高, 表明该蛋白可能在干旱和盐胁迫应答过程中发挥作用。为证明这一推测, 我们构建了OsPR10A超表达载体, 经农杆菌介导转化水稻, 获得超表达OsPR10A的纯合株系。田间表型观察表明, 转基因株系株高变矮、穗长变短、结实率降低。用20% PEG6000在水稻种子萌发过程中进行干旱处理, 结果显示, OsPR10A超表达株系的根长和芽长均显著高于野生型, 证明超表达OsPR10A可增强水稻萌发期耐旱性。该研究有助于增进人们对水稻OsPR10A功能的了解。     

甘蔗节间伸长过程赤霉素生物合成关键基因的表达及相关植物激素动态变化

以甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)优良品种桂糖42号(GT42)为研究材料, 分别于未伸长期(9-10叶龄以前) (Ls1)、伸长初期(12-13叶龄) (Ls2)和伸长盛期(15-16叶龄) (Ls3)取甘蔗第2片真叶(自顶部起)对应的节间组织, 测定其赤霉素(GA)、生长素(IAA)、油菜素甾醇(BR)、细胞分裂素(CTK)、乙烯(ETH)和脱落酸(ABA)的含量, 并通过实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)分析赤霉素合成途径关键基因GA₂₀氧化酶基因(GA20-Oxidase1)、赤霉素受体基因(GID1)和DELLA蛋白编码基因(GAI)的差异表达。结果表明, 在甘蔗伸长期间, GA和IAA含量呈现上升趋势, CTK和ABA含量呈下降趋势, ETH含量先上升后下降, BR含量则变化不明显; GA20-Oxidase1和GID1的表达呈上升趋势, 而GAI的表达则呈下降趋势, 这与相关植物激素的变化基本一致。综上, 甘蔗节间伸长过程主要与GA和IAA相关, 其次为CTK和ABA, 而ETH受到IAA的调控影响节间伸长; 植物激素间通过相互作用调控GA20-Oxidase1、GID1和GAI的表达, 影响GA含量和GA的信号转导过程, 进而影响甘蔗节间的伸长。该研究揭示了甘蔗节间伸长过程中赤霉素生物合成途径和信号转导关键基因的差异表达及植物激素含量的动态变化规律。     

走马胎的组织培养与快速繁殖

以走马胎(Ardisia gigantifolia)幼嫩茎段为外植体, 通过腋芽增殖的方式进行组织培养和快速繁殖研究。结果表明, 培养基MS+1.0 mg·L ^-1 6-BA+0.2 mg·L ^-1NAA和MS+0.5 mg·L ^-1 ZT均可用于腋芽的诱导和前期继代培养, 诱导率分别为89.3%和85.7%; 芽增殖最佳培养基为MS+0.5 mg·L ^-16-BA+0.1 mg·L ^-1ZT+0.1 mg·L ^-1NAA, 增殖系数为4.3倍; 根诱导最佳培养基为1/2MS+1.5 mg·L ^-1 IAA+1.0 mg·L ^-1 NAA, 生根率达92.3%, 且根系发达, 植株健壮; 生根苗在混合基质园土:泥炭:珍珠岩=3:1:1 (v/v/v )中移栽成活率为82%。该研究建立了走马胎种苗的组织培养快速繁殖技术体系, 且可应用于规模化生产。     

发根农杆菌介导的菠菜毛状根遗传转化体系的建立

发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)侵染植物后可诱导植物产生毛状根。菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)是常见的食用蔬菜, 目前尚未见菠菜毛状根的研究报道。经筛选得到适合诱导菠菜毛状根的发根农杆菌菌株LBA9402, LBA9402侵染菠菜外植体茎后, 毛状根的诱导率最高可达16%。菠菜毛状根呈白色, 具有丰富的根毛, 能在无外源激素的固体培养基上快速增殖生长。通过诱导菠菜毛状根产生愈伤组织并进行分化, 获得了菠菜毛状根的再生植株, 再生率为8%。此外, LBA9402可将含有Ri质粒的T-DNA和携带外源GFP基因的Ti质粒T-DNA共同导入外植体中。PCR检测和荧光显微观察结果显示, rolB及GFP基因在菠菜毛状根基因组中稳定表达, 共转化频率为50%。