The Mesozoic family Procercopidae is widely treated as the ancient group of Cercopoidea and a transitional unit to recent lineages, but its evolution and diversity are vague due to fragmentary fossil record and confusing taxonomic history. Herein, an extensive taxonomic review of Procercopidae is presented and some new fossils are reported from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of NE China. As a result,
Chengdecercopis Hong, 1983 is transferred from Procercopidae to Sinoalidae;
Procercopis longipennis Becker-Migdisova, 1962 and
P shawanensis Zhang, Wang and Zhang, 2003 are transferred to
Procercopina Martynov, 1937, resulting in
Procercopina longipennis (Becker-Migdisova, 1962), comb. n. and
P shawanensis (Zhang, Wang and Zhang, 2003), comb. n.;
Luanpingia senjituensis Hong, 1984 is transferred to
Stellularis Chen, Yao and Ren, 2015, leading to
Stellulari senjituensis (Hong, 1984), comb. n.;
Anthoscytina macula Hu, Yao and Ren, 2014 is transferred to
Sinocercopis Hong, 1982, and
Sunoscytinopteris (Scytinopteridae) and
Cathaycixius (Cixiidae) are treated as junior homonym names of
Sinocercopis, leading to
Sinocercopis macula (Hu, Yao and Ren, 2014), comb. n.,
S lushangfenensis (Hong, 1984), comb. n.,
S pustulosis (Ren, 1995), comb. n., and
S trinervis (Ren, 1995), comb. n. Additionally, two new species are erected:
Stellularis bineuris Chen and Wang, sp. n. and
S minutus Chen and Wang, sp. n. Our cladistic analysis based on wing (tegmen and hind wing) characteristics recovers the high-level relationships within Cercopoidea: Sinoalidae + (Procercopidae + (Cercopionidae + modern cercopoids)). Within the family Procercopidae, the cladistic analysis reveals that the Middle to Late Jurassic
Titanocercopis and
Jurocercopis and the Cretaceous
Cretocercopis occupy the basal position, and a gradual change in wing venation can be recognized from the Early Jurassic
Procercopis and
Procercopina to the Jurassic
Anthoscytina, and then to the Cretaceous
Stellularis and
Sinocercopis. The two Cretaceous genera, sharing wing traits with extant cercopoids, likely represent transitional forms between Procercopidae and recent Cercopoidea; however, they are very similar to their Jurassic relatives in body structures, suggesting it is applicable to attribute them to Procercopidae. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that the extinction of Procercopidae and the origin and early diversification of modern Cercopoidea approximately coincided with the rise and explosive radiation of angiosperms in the late Early Cretaceous and onwards.
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