Polymorphisms in the NPY2R gene show significant associations with BMI that are additive to FTO, MC4R, and NPFFR2 gene effects

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an appetite hormone that acts centrally to control feeding behavior. The 5' and exon 2 regions of NPY2R, one of five NPY receptor genes, have been weakly and inconsistently implicated with obesity. With the ATG start site of the gene at the beginning of exon 2, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across intron 1 may show stronger associations with obesity than expected. Two 5' SNPs, three intron 1 SNPs, and one synonymous exon 2 SNP were genotyped on 2,985 white Utah subjects. Previously associated FTO, NPY, NPY1R, MC4R, PPARGC1A, OR7D4, and four NPFFR2 SNPs were also genotyped and related to BMI. One NPY2R 5' SNP (rs12649641, P = 0.008), an exon 2 SNP (rs2880415, P = 0.009), and an intron 1 SNP (rs17376826, P = 7 × 10(-6)) were each significantly associated with BMI. All three SNPs, plus FTO (rs9939609, P = 1.5 × 10(-6)) and two NPFFR2 SNPs (rs4129733, P = 3.7 × 10(-13) and rs11940196, 4.2 × 10(-10)) remained significant in a multiple regression additive model. Diplotypes using the estimated haplotypes of NPY2R, NPFFR2, and MC4R were significantly associated with BMI (P = 1.0 × 10(-10), 3.2 × 10(-8), and 1.1 × 10(-4), respectively). Haplotypes of NPY2R, NPFFR2, and MC4R, plus the FTO SNP, explained 9.6% of the BMI variance. SNP effect sizes per allele for the four genes ranged from 0.8 to 3.5 kg/m(2). We conclude that haplotypes containing the rs17376826 SNP in intron 1 of NPY2R have strong associations with BMI, some NPFFR2 haplotypes are strongly protective against or increase risk of obesity, and both NPY2R and NPFFR2 play important roles in obesity predisposition independent of FTO and MC4R.     

考虑土壤水分影响的小麦根、冠干物质积累及其相互关系模型

以作物生长动力学理论为基础,提出了一种可以考虑土壤水分影响和根、冠相互作用的小麦生长模型。经与实测的小麦根、冠干物质积累动态相比较,模拟与实测值吻合良好,在0.01置信水平下达到极显著相关,说明本文所建模型结构是合理的。将模型应用于土壤水影响冬小麦根、冠关系的动态模拟,模拟结果显示:在分蘖期,无论1m土体贮水量如何,根、冠之间几乎都呈直线关系;在孕穗期,无论水量多少,根、冠关系都是先促进后抑制;而在抽穗期,当水量充足时,冠对根起促进作用,当水量不足时,冠对根先促进后抑制;拔节期是冬小麦的水分临界期,灌水既可促进作物生长,又可提高水分利用效率。模拟结果与试验所得规律基本一致,表明模型具有一定的实际意义。     

Ganglionic distribution of inputs and outputs of C-PR, a neuron involved in the generation of a food-induced arousal state inAplysia

Cerebral neuron C-PR is thought to play an important role in the appetitive phase of feeding behavior ofAplysia. Here, we describe the organization of input and output pathways of C-PR. Intracellular dye fills of C-PR revealed extensive arborization of processes within the cerebral and the pedal ganglia. Numerous varicosities of varying sizes may provide points of synaptic inputs and outputs.Blocking polysynaptic transmission in the cerebral ganglion eliminated the sensory inputs to C-PR from stimuli applied to the rhinophores or tentacles, indicating that this input is probably mediated by cerebral interneurons. Identified cerebral mechanoafferent sensory neurons polysynaptically excite C-PR. Stimulation of the eyes and rhinophores with light depresses C-PR spike activity, and this effect also appears to be mediated by cerebral interneurons.C-PR has bilateral synaptic actions on numerous pedal ganglion neurons, and also has effects on cerebral neurons, including the MCC, Bn cells, CBIs and the contralateral C-PR. Although the somata of these cerebral neurons are physically close to C-PR, experiments using high divalent cation-containing solutions and cutting of various connectives indicated that the effects of C-PR on other cerebral ganglion neurons (specifically Bn cells and the MCC) are mediated by interneurons that project back to the cerebral ganglion via the pedal and pleural connectives. The indirect pathways of C-PR to other cerebral neurons may help to ensure that consummatory motor programs are not activated until the appropriate appetitive motor programs, mediated by the pedal ganglia, have begun to be expressed.     

土壤水分与冬小麦根、冠功能均衡关系的模拟研究

利用已建立并经充分验证过的根,冠系统模拟模型,研究了不同土壤水分条件下根、冠之间消长关系,给出了不同１ｍ土体贮水量波动情况下根冠比动态变化模拟结果,并提供了有关试验数据作为佐证,其中有些结论为常规试验不易得到的全新认识,有些结果支持并证实了以往有关结论,均为水分对作物生长实施调控提供了重要依据。