不同间伐强度对南亚热带杉木人工林林下植物功能群的影响

间伐作为我国森林经营的主要措施之一,对提高森林生态系统内部生物多样性起着不可忽视的作用。然而,不同间伐强度对森林林下植物功能群的影响程度尚不明确。以广西凭祥热林中心经过4种不同强度抚育间伐8年后的杉木人工林为研究对象(轻度间伐ST,34%;中度间伐MT,50%;重度间伐HT,74%;不进行间伐的对照,CK),对林下植被及其环境因子进行调查和测定。研究结果表明:不同间伐强度对禾草植物功能群的物种丰富度均无显著影响(P0.05),MT显著增加杂草植物功能群的物种丰富度(P0.05),HT显著提高蕨类植物功能群的物种丰富度(P0.05),ST显著增加木本植物功能群的物种丰富度(P0.05),与CK相比,ST、MT和HT均能显著增加藤本植物功能群的物种丰富度(P0.05);不同间伐强度对禾草和木本植物功能群的重要值均无显著影响(P0.05),但HT显著降低了杂草植物功能群的重要值(P0.05),ST显著降低了蕨类植物功能群的重要值(P0.05),ST显著增加藤本植物功能群的重要值(P0.05)。主成分分析(PCA)表明,ST和HT的林下植物功能群组成和分布与对照组相比均发生了显著的变异。方差分解分析(Variation partitioning analyses)结果显示,林分和土壤因子对林下植物功能群变异的解释率相似,二者在决定杉木人工林林下植物功能群变异中都起着重要作用。     

喀斯特地区三种人工林土壤微生物群落结构特征

为揭示不同人工植被修复模式对喀斯特土壤微生物群落的影响,采用氯仿熏蒸提取法和磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid, PLFA)法研究人工构建的降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera)纯林(PDOP)、顶果木(Acrocarpus fraxinifolius)纯林(PAFP)、顶果木×降香黄檀混交林(MADP)对土壤微生物生物量及土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:(1)PDOP的土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量显著高于PAFP和MADP,PAFP显著高于MADP。(2)三种人工林土壤真菌、丛枝菌根真菌和总PLFA含量无显著差异,但PDOP土壤细菌、放线菌、丛枝菌根真菌和总PLFA含量均高于PAFP和MADP,PAFP高于MADP。PDOP的土壤细菌、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、放线菌的PLFA含量显著高于MADP。MADP的真菌细菌比显著高于PDOP,但与PAFP无显著差异。(3)冗余分析表明,土壤阳离子交换量、pH和C:N是影响土壤微生物群落组成的最主要影响因子。从三种人工林的土壤微生物生物量及微生物群落结构来看,在喀斯特地区MADP并未显示出酸性土地区混交林提高土壤微生物生物量、改善土壤微生物群落结构的优势,但混交林的真菌细菌比最高,更有利于提高土壤生态系统的稳定性。     

不同间伐强度对杉木人工林碳储量及其分配的影响

间伐改变了林分环境,影响林木生长及碳储量,准确评估不同间伐强度对杉木人工林生物量及碳储量的影响对碳汇林业的发展具有重要意义。2013年,以中国林业科学研究院热带林业实验中心1992年造林并于2005年实施3种不同间伐强度(74%:H、50%:M和34%:L)的杉木人工林为研究对象,样地内每木检尺,实测样木生物量,并结合杉木群落各组分含碳率的实测值,对杉木人工林的生物量和碳储量进行估算,结果表明:H(74%)显著增加了林木的胸径(P0.01),分别比M(50%)、L(34%)和CK(0%)增加了13.65%、20.74%和18.37%。3种间伐强度之间树高差异均不显著,而CK的树高均大于3种间伐强度的树高,分别比H、M和L增加了6.64%、15.73%和16.70%。与对照相比,H显著增加了林木的单株生物量(P0.01)。对照林地乔木层的碳储量均显著高于其他3种间伐强度的乔木层碳储量(P0.05),而乔木层各器官碳储量大小顺序为:树干树枝树根树皮树叶;3种间伐强度和对照处理杉木人工林之间的生态系统碳储量差异性不显著(P0.05),其中乔木层和土壤层为主要碳库,两者所占总的碳储量超过生态系统总的碳储量的97.62%。     

桉树杂交种对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的抗性变异分析

植物种间杂交是一种普遍自然现象,杂交往往造成植物表型及生理变异,从而改变杂种抗虫性。与亲本种相比,杂种抗虫性可能增强或减弱,也有可能处于与亲本相似水平。初生、次生代谢物的质变与量变是引起杂种抗虫性变异的重要原因。近年来,桉树杂交育种已在世界范围内广泛应用并取得了显著成效,桉树杂交种间抗虫性表现参差不齐,因此,桉树是研究杂交种抗虫性变异机制的理想材料。以2个桉树杂交种巨细桉DH201-2、巨尾桉G9及桉树重要害虫桉树枝瘿姬小蜂为研究对象,比较了2个杂交种与其纯亲本种[(巨桉×细叶桉),(巨桉×尾叶桉)]间的抗虫性差异;同时,综合比较了品系间叶片性状(叶片厚度、含水率、比叶面积)、初生化合物(C、N、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白)及次生化合物(总酚、单宁)差异,以研究桉树杂交种抗虫性变异的理化机制。结果表明:DH201-2感染桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的虫瘿数目显著高于其双亲本种,而G9上虫瘿数目显著低于其双亲本种。DH201-2与G9的叶片厚度与巨桉相近,而显著薄于另一亲本种。DH201-2叶片含水率显著高于细叶桉、与巨桉相近;G9叶片含水率则显著低于其双亲本种。相似的是,DH201-2和G9的比叶面积均显著高于其双亲本种。初生化合物方面,DH201-2叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量均显著高于其亲本种,N含量则仅高于细叶桉;而G9叶片可溶性蛋白含量虽高于其双亲本种,可溶性糖含量则无显著差异,N含量显著低于其双亲本种。次生化合物方面,DH201-2叶片总酚和单宁含量显著低于其双亲本种,而G9则显著高于其双亲本种。因此,与其亲本种相比,DH201-2感虫性增加,而G9抗虫性增加;与桉树枝瘿姬小蜂发育相关的营养指标(如含水率、可溶性糖、N含量)及次生防御物质(如总酚、缩合单宁)在桉树杂交种组织内的含量差异影响了桉树杂交种对桉树枝瘿姬小蜂的抗性。在全球推行桉树杂交育种且桉树害虫数量逐年增加的大背景下,应加强对桉树杂交种抗虫性机制研究,为选育高抗品系及桉树产业可持续发展提供理论指导。     

桉树与红锥混交对土壤水解酶活性及其化学计量特征的影响

为从土壤酶活性及其化学计量特征的角度,揭示桉树与珍贵乡土树种混交后土壤养分的响应机制,该文以广西凭祥热林中心青山实验场的桉树纯林、红锥纯林和桉树×红锥混交林为研究对象,采用随机区组试验设计,通过测定土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)水解酶[β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)]的活性及土壤理化性质,分析桉树与红锥混交对土壤养分状况的影响。结果表明：(1)桉树与红锥混交在0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层均显著提高pH值、有效氮(AN)和有效磷(AP)的含量以及LAP酶活性,显著降低BG和ACP酶活性,但对NAG酶活性影响不显著。(2)SOC和TN与除酶C∶N外的其他土壤水解酶活性及其化学计量比呈现不同程度的显著正相关。(3)在0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层,三种林分间土壤水解酶活性均具有显著差异,SOC和AN含量是土壤水解酶活性产生差异的驱动因子。(4)桉树纯林、桉树×红锥混交林和红锥纯林在0～20 cm土层土壤酶C∶N∶P分别为1∶1.08∶1.37、1∶1.16∶1.34和1∶1.07∶1....     

十三碳二元酸发酵过程菌体生长期动力学模型及其应用

介绍了由十三碳烷烃生产十三碳二元酸的发酵过程,对其中的菌体生长期的代谢过程进行了分析。提出了以CO₂释放率判断菌体生长状况的方法,据此可确定进入产酸期的最佳时间．建立了菌体生长期底物消耗及菌体生长的动力学模型,对模型参数进行了回归估值。并对菌体生长期进行了拟合。结果表明,模型的计算值和实测值吻合得较好,平均相对偏差为2．4％。利用所建模型对菌体生长期进行多种操作条件下的模拟计算,结果表明,提高蔗糖浓度及初始菌体浓度均能显著地提高菌体生长期结束时的菌体浓度。     

Species composition and correlation of understory woody plants in Chinese fir plantation in the lower subtropical area

There are 71 species in the shrub layer of the Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation after natural succession.The species richness and diversity have increased with slight anthropogenic disturbance.The status and function of tmderstory woody species were judged by the analysis of the important value (IV).X2 statistics and r test were used for testing the significance of interspecific association and correlation among 25 main understory woody plants selected from the woody population.The results clearly showed their interspecific relationships and their differences in resource utilization.Species-pairs of positive association were in the majority.Most species were accommodated in the shady habitat.There was a positive correlation between the IV of the species and the interspecific association.The higher the IV of the species,the closer and more significant was the interspecific association.Based on analytical results of interspecitic association and correlation,25 woody plants in the shrub layer could be divided into four ecological species groups:I.Ficus hispida +Antidesma bunius+Mallotus barbatus+Ficus cunia+Saurauia tristyla+Mallotus philippinensis+Maesa japonica +Ficus hirta+Alchornea rugosa+Ficus fulva+Mallotus apelta;II.Cudrania tricuspidata+Schefflera octopylla;III.Cunninghamia lanceolata+Clerodendron cytophyllum +Millettia semicastrata+Randia spinosa+Litsea cubeba +Litsea pungens;IV.Ardisia japonica+Psychotria rubra +Vitex quinata+Cephalanthus occidentalis+ Pithecellobium lucidum+Mycetia sinensis.If species group III or II is the advantaged species in the shrub layer,the community would change from a coniferous forest to a sparse evergreen broad-leaved forest.For group IV,the community would be relatively stable.For group I,the coniferous forest would be mixed with coniferous-broad leaved forest.The classification of ecological species groups would provide a theoretical basis on judging its ecological function,adjusting the stand structure of the plantation and directing the suitable natural vegetation type through the close-natural restoration process.     

Carbon accumulation and distribution in Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest ecosystem in Daqingshan, Guangxi, China

Carbon accumulation and distribution were studied at three sampling plots in a 13-year-old mixed planatation of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata in Daqingshan, Guangxi, China. The results showed that carbon content varied with tissues and tree species, but the total carbon content of Pinus massoniana was higher than that of Cunninghamia lanceolata. The average tissue carbon contents of Pinus massoniana were: wood (58.6%) > root (56.3%) > branch (51.2%) > bark (49.8%) > leaf (46.8%), while those of Cunninghamia lanceolata were: bark (52.2%) > leaf (51.8%) > wood (50.2%) > root (47.5%) > branch (46.7%). The carbon contents of the soil (at a depth of 60cm) ranged from 1.45% to 1.84% with an average of 1.70%. Carbon contents were higher in the surface soil (0–20cm) than in the deep layer (below 20cm). The average carbon contents were the highest for trees (51.1%), followed by litter (48.3%), shrubs (44.1%), and herbs (33.0%). The biomass of the trees in the three plots ranged from 85.35 t hm?2 to 101.35 t hm?2 with an average of 93.83 t hm^?2, in which 75.7%–82.6% was Pinus massoniana. The biomass of the understory was 2.10–3.95 t hm^?2 with an average of 2.72 t hm^?2, while the standing stock of ground litter was 5.49–7.91 t hm^?2 with an average of 6.75 t hm^?2. The carbon storage in the mixed plantation reached the maximum in the soil layer (69.02%), followed by vegetation (29.03%), and standing litter (1.82%). The carbon storage in the tree layer occupied 23.90% of the total ecosystem and 97.7% of the vegetation layer. Pinus massoniana accounted for 65.39% of the total carbon storage in the tree layer. Tissue carbon storage was directly related to the corresponding amount of biomass. Trunks had the highest carbon storage, accounting for 53.23% of the trees in Pinus massoniana and 55.57% in Cunninghamia lanceolata, respectively. Roots accounted for about 19.22% of the total tree carbon. The annual net productivity of the mixed plantation was 11.46 t hm?2a?1, and that of sequestered carbon was 5.96 t hm?2a?1, which was equivalent to fixing CO2 of 21.88 t hm?2a?1. The plantation was found to be an important sink of atmospheric CO₂.     

连栽对桉树人工林下物种多样性的影响

采用时空序列和定位监测相结合的方法,对广西国有东门林场桉树人工林的物种多样性及其维持机制进行了研究.结果表明,桉树连栽导致人工林植物多样性减少,在667 m²样方内,第2代林的植物种类比第1代林减少了54.43%;对18块4 m²样方监测(1998～2003年)结果,第2代林植物多样性比第1代林减少了50%,物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数分别比第1代林减少39.39%和17.76%.桉树人工林连栽导致群落物种多样性降低,改变了群落的物种组成及特征.不同连栽代数群落的生活型谱存在明显差异,第1代林以小高位芽、藤本高位芽和矮高位芽植物为主,而第2代林则以草本高位芽植物、地上芽植物为多;第1代林的k-对策种和r-对策种分别为69.32%和30.68%,第2代林则分别是47.83%和52.17%,可见连栽使草本植物、地上芽植物和r-对策种的数量增加,木本植物和k-对策种的数量减少.可以认为,土壤中种子库和营养体对物种多样性维持有重要作用,提出了桉树人工林群落物种多样性维持机制的初始植物繁殖体组成假说.在一个经营周期内(6～7年),桉树人工林维持的植物多样性的高低取决于初始植物繁殖体组成的丰富程度,高强度干扰的连栽方式使某些高竞争力的物种或仅以种子(果实)传播的物种丧失,造成下一代林地初始植物繁殖体组成多样性的降低,从而使连栽林地的物种多样性逐代减少.