Leaf traits from stomata to morphology are associated with climatic and edaphic variables for dominant tropical forest evergreen oaks

热带森林优势种青冈叶片气孔、解剖和形态性状与气候、土壤因子的关联 了解优势树种叶片多水平的功能性状沿海拔梯度的变化及其内在关联,有助于预测优势种应对气候变化的响应与适应。本文研究了青冈属树种叶片气孔、解剖和形态性状沿海拔梯度的变化及其与环境调控因子的关联,探究了其生态策略是否随海拔发生改变。在海南尖峰岭热带森林,沿海拔梯度(400–1400 m)采集了6种常绿青冈：竹叶青冈(Cyclobalanopsis bambusaefolia)、雷公青冈(C. hui)、托盘青冈 (C. patelliformis)、饭甄青冈(C. fleuryi)、吊罗山青冈(C. tiaoloshanica)和亮叶青冈(C. phanera)叶片,用于气孔、解剖和形态性状的测定。研究结果表明,随海拔升高,青冈树种叶片气孔密度、气孔孔隙度指数和叶面积显著增加,但海绵组织厚度比和干物质含量则显着降低。叶片气孔、解剖和形态性状沿海拔梯 度的变化主要受年均温、年降水量和土壤pH 值调控。在低海拔和高海拔处,青冈属采取“耐受”和“竞 争”策略,而在中海拔处,则是“竞争”策略。土壤磷含量和土壤pH 值随海拔的变化可能是驱动其生态 策略转变的主要原因。该结果揭示,热带森林优势树种青冈可通过从气孔细胞-组织解剖结构-叶片水平功能性状的改变来响应环境变化。     

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区坡沟立地环境下幼苗的存活特征

幼苗是植被恢复演替的基础, 在生态系统中具有非常重要的作用。为了探索黄土丘陵沟壑区坡沟立地环境下幼苗的存活特征, 在陕西省安塞县宋家沟和纸坊沟流域设置15个固定样地进行定点动态监测, 运用单因素方差分析法和系统聚类分析法对不同立地环境下的幼苗密度和幼苗存活率进行了分析。结果表明: 1)不同坡沟立地环境下, 幼苗存活特征差异明显, 整体表现为阳坡幼苗密度较小而存活率较高, 阴坡幼苗密度较大但存活率较低。2)细裂叶莲蒿(Artemisia gmelinii)、菊叶委陵菜(Potentilla tanacetifolia)、阿尔泰狗娃花(Heteropappus altaicus)等物种具有较高的幼苗存活率, 在生存竞争中幼苗是以“质”取胜; 而猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)、中华苦荬菜(Ixeris chinensis)、阴行草(Siphonostegia chinensis)等物种具有较高的幼苗密度, 在生存竞争中是以“量”取胜。3)同一物种在坡沟立地环境下表现出不同的存活曲线, 不同物种在不同立地环境下也可呈现同一存活曲线; 细裂叶莲蒿、菊叶委陵菜、长芒草(Stipa bungeana)、阿尔泰狗娃花、兴安胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica)等物种, 幼苗不仅在雨季存活能力强且具有较强的越冬能力; 猪毛蒿、香青兰(Dracocephalum moldavica)、臭蒿(Artemisia hedinii)等物种在雨季前幼苗存活能力较强, 但冬季存活能力弱。4)坡面不同微环境下幼苗存活特征也存在差异, 即微环境的改变在一定程度上影响着幼苗的生长、存活和越冬。因此, 在黄土丘陵沟壑区应根据物种幼苗存活特性对幼苗进行适当的抚育管理, 这将有利于幼苗的建植和植被更新。     

Correction to: Novel biphenyl diester derivative AB-38b inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome through Nrf2 activation in diabetic nephropathy

Cell Biology and Toxicology -     

Resistance-related physiological response of rice leaves to the compound stress of enhanced UV-B radiation and Magnaporthe oryzae

An enhanced UV-B radiation (5.0?kJ?m^?2) was supplied before, during, and after Magnaporthe oryzae infection. The effects of single and compound stress of the UV-B radiation and M. oryzae on the resistance physiology and gene expression of rice leaves were examined. Results revealed that UV-B radiation given before M. oryzae infection (UV-B?→?M.) significantly increased the pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), lipoxygenase (LOX), chitinase (CHT), and β-1,3-glucanase, the resistance-related substances (flavonoids and total phenols) content, and resistance-related genes (OsPAL and OsCHT) expression, thereby improving the disease resistance of rice leaves. Simultaneous exposure to UV-B radiation and M. oryzae (UV-B/M.) significantly increased the OsLOX2 expression and the PRs activities. Exposure to UV-B radiation after M. oryzae infection (M.?→?UV-B) decreased the flavonoid content, did not improve the PRs activity, and increased OsLOX2 expression. Compound treatments of UV-B?→?M., UV-B/M., and M.?→?UV-B reduced the disease index by 62.3%, 40.2%, and 26.6%, respectively, indicating UV-B radiation inhibited the occurrence of M. oryzae disease, but its inhibitory effect weakened when it was provided after M. oryzae infection. Hence, rice responded to the compound stress of UV-B radiation and M. oryzae through a resistance-related physiological mechanism associated with the sequence of stress occurrence.     

Ostericum atropurpureum sp. nov. (Apiaceae) from Zhejiang,China

Ostericum atropurpureum G. Y. Li, G. H. Xia & W. Y. Xie (Apiaceae, Apioideae) from Zhejiang, China, is described and illustrated. It is closely related to O. huadongense Z. H. Pan & X. H. Li and O. sieboldii (Miquel) Nakai, but differs in having leaves with 1.5–9.0 cm long petiole, linear bracteoles 6–12 mm long, 5–9 rays, 7–14‐flowered umbellules, dark purple petals, broadly winged dorsal and lateral fruit ribs, 1.0–1.5 mm broad, 3–6 vittae in each furrow and 4–8 on the commissure.     

Development and characterization of a complete set of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis>–<Emphasis Type="Italic">Roegneria ciliari</Emphasis>s disomic addition lines

Key message

A complete set wheat-R. ciliaris disomic addition lines (DALs) were characterized and the homoeologous groups and genome affinities of R. ciliaris chromosomes were determined.

Abstract

Wild relatives are rich gene resources for cultivated wheat. The development of alien addition chromosome lines not only greatly broadens the genetic diversity, but also provides genetic stocks for comparative genomics studies. Roegneria ciliaris (genome S^cS^cY^cY^c), a tetraploid wild relative of wheat, is tolerant or resistant to many abiotic and biotic stresses. To develop a complete set of wheat-R. ciliaris disomic addition lines (DALs), we undertook a euplasmic backcrossing program to overcome allocytoplasmic effects and preferential chromosome transmission. To improve the efficiency of identifying chromosomes from S^c and Y^c, we established techniques including sequential genomic in situ hybridization/fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and molecular marker analysis. Fourteen DALs of wheat, each containing one pair of R. ciliaris chromosomes pairs, were characterized by FISH using four repetitive sequences [pTa794, pTa71, RcAfa and (GAA)₁₀] as probes. One hundred and sixty-two R. ciliaris-specific markers were developed. FISH and marker analysis enabled us to assign the homoeologous groups and genome affinities of R. ciliaris chromosomes. FHB resistance evaluation in successive five growth seasons showed that the amphiploid, DA2Y^c, DA5Y^c and DA6S^c had improved FHB resistance, indicating their potential value in wheat improvement. The 14 DALs are likely new gene resources and will be phenotyped for more agronomic performances traits.

     

Root microbiota shift in rice correlates with resident time in the field and developmental stage

Land plants in natural soil form intimate relationships with the diverse root bacterial microbiota. A growing body of evidence shows that these microbes are important for plant growth and health. Root microbiota composition has been widely studied in several model plants and crops; however, little is known about how root microbiota vary throughout the plant's life cycle under field conditions. We performed longitudinal dense sampling in field trials to track the time-series shift of the root microbiota from two representative rice cultivars in two separate locations in China. We found that the rice root microbiota varied dramatically during the vegetative stages and stabilized from the beginning of the reproductive stage, after which the root microbiota underwent relatively minor changes until rice ripening. Notably, both rice genotype and geographical location influenced the patterns of root microbiota shift that occurred during plant growth. The relative abundance of Deltaproteobacteria in roots significantly increased overtime throughout the entire life cycle of rice, while that of Betaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Gammaproteobacteria decreased. By a machine learning approach, we identified biomarker taxa and established a model to correlate root microbiota with rice resident time in the field(e.g., Nitrospira accumulated from 5 weeks/tillering in field-grown rice). Our work provides insights into the process of rice root microbiota establishment.     

Protective Effect of Betaine on Respiratory Enzymes

Effects of betaine and NaC1 in various concentrations on the activities of enzymes in tricarboxylic acid cycle (isocitric dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase and fumarase), terminal oxidation (cytochrome oxidase) and photorespiratory pathway (glycolate oxidase and hydroxypyruvate reductase) have been studied. Betaine, in contrast to electolyte NaC1 was non-inhibitory to these enzymes up to 500 mmol/L. Partial protection against NaC1 inhibition to the activities of these enzymes were afforded by betaine. These results were consistent with the postulated role of betaine in cytoplasmic osmoregulation. These results showed that betaine was a superior compatible solute.