全文获取类型
收费全文 | 92661篇 |
免费 | 6757篇 |
国内免费 | 6302篇 |
专业分类
105720篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 201篇 |
2023年 | 1254篇 |
2022年 | 2941篇 |
2021年 | 4869篇 |
2020年 | 3197篇 |
2019年 | 4019篇 |
2018年 | 3960篇 |
2017年 | 2866篇 |
2016年 | 4051篇 |
2015年 | 5844篇 |
2014年 | 6890篇 |
2013年 | 7251篇 |
2012年 | 8498篇 |
2011年 | 7741篇 |
2010年 | 4489篇 |
2009年 | 4198篇 |
2008年 | 4782篇 |
2007年 | 4151篇 |
2006年 | 3542篇 |
2005年 | 2827篇 |
2004年 | 2315篇 |
2003年 | 2109篇 |
2002年 | 1698篇 |
2001年 | 1474篇 |
2000年 | 1343篇 |
1999年 | 1408篇 |
1998年 | 820篇 |
1997年 | 892篇 |
1996年 | 814篇 |
1995年 | 775篇 |
1994年 | 673篇 |
1993年 | 570篇 |
1992年 | 682篇 |
1991年 | 536篇 |
1990年 | 455篇 |
1989年 | 332篇 |
1988年 | 278篇 |
1987年 | 220篇 |
1986年 | 185篇 |
1985年 | 210篇 |
1984年 | 124篇 |
1983年 | 118篇 |
1982年 | 55篇 |
1981年 | 24篇 |
1980年 | 20篇 |
1979年 | 18篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
全球变化对人类环境的影响是近几十年世界广泛关注的热点之一。内蒙古草原不仅是我国重要的牲畜和饲料生产基地, 而且有着不可替代的生态系统功能。土壤微生物是地球上多样性最高的生物类群, 在驱动碳氮循环等多种生态系统过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。由于研究技术的限制和群落结构复杂等原因, 土壤微生物生态学研究还处于描述性阶段, 理论研究还很缺乏。鉴于此, 利用分子生物学技术尤其是新一代测序技术, 从理论层面上系统地研究全球变化背景下我国北方草地微生物多样性的维持机制具有重要意义。本文在比较各种环境变化对土壤微生物群落的相对影响的基础上, 分析全球变化对微生物多样性影响的物理化学和生态学机制, 并对未来内蒙古草原微生物多样性的重点研究领域进行了展望, 包括: (1)加强全球变化多因素综合研究; (2)加强微生物多样性维持的生态学机制的研究; (3)加强地上与地下多样性关联机制的研究; (4)加强全球大尺度多生态系统的整合研究。 相似文献
992.
目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶-13(Matrix metalloproteinases-13,MMP-13)和CD147的表达与胃肠道间质瘤(Gastrointestinals stromal tumors,GISTs)临床病理特征的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学检测69例GISTs组织中MMP-13及CD147的表达,分析MMP-13和CD147与各病理参数的关系。结果GISTs组织中MMP-13和CD147的表达率分别为95.7%和97.1%,MMP-13阳性表达程度与GISTs的生物学行为、CD147表达及肿瘤的大小呈正相关(P〈0.05);CD147阳性表达程度与肿瘤的大小呈正相关(P〈0.05)。结论MMP-13表达与GISTs生物学行为关系密切,可作为GISTs生物学行为的潜在评价指标。 相似文献
993.
The feasibility of using a two-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process to treat sewage 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The feasibility of using a two-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process to treat sewage was examined in this study. The obtained results showed that total nitrogen (TN) could be efficiently removed by 88.38% when influent TN and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were 45.87 and 44.40 mg/L, respectively. In the first stage, nitritation was instantly achieved by the bioaugmentation strategy, and can be maintained under limited oxygen condition (below 0.2mg/L). The ratio of nitrite to ammonium in the effluent of the nitritation reactor can be controlled at approximate 1.0 by adjusting aeration rate. In the second stage, anammox was realized in the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, where the total nitrogen removal rate was 0.40 kg Nm(-3)d(-1) under limited-substrate condition. Therefore, the organic matter in sewage can be firstly concentrated in biomass which could generate biogas (energy). Then, nitrogen in sewage could be removed in a two-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process. 相似文献
994.
Santosuosso M Zhang X McCormick S Wang J Hitt M Xing Z 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2005,174(12):7986-7994
The mechanisms underlying better immune protection by mucosal vaccination have remained poorly understood. In our current study we have investigated the mechanisms by which respiratory virus-mediated mucosal vaccination provides remarkably better immune protection against pulmonary tuberculosis than parenteral vaccination. A recombinant adenovirus-based tuberculosis (TB) vaccine expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85A (AdAg85A) was administered either intranasally (i.n.) or i.m. to mice, and Ag-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, including frequency, IFN-gamma production, and CTL, were examined in the spleen, lung interstitium, and airway lumen. Although i.m. immunization with AdAg85A led to activation of T cells, particularly CD8 T cells, in the spleen and, to a lesser extent, in the lung interstitium, it failed to elicit any T cell response in the airway lumen. In contrast, although i.n. immunization failed to effectively activate T cells in the spleen, it uniquely elicited higher numbers of Ag-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells in the airway lumen that were capable of IFN-gamma production and cytolytic activities, as assessed by an intratracheal in vivo CTL assay. These airway luminal T cells of i.n. immunized mice or splenic T cells of i.m. immunized mice, upon transfer locally to the lungs of naive SCID mice, conferred immune protection against M. tuberculosis challenge. Our study has demonstrated that the airway luminal T cell population plays an important role in immune protection against pulmonary TB, thus providing mechanistic insights into the superior immune protection conferred by respiratory mucosal TB vaccination. 相似文献
995.
目的:构建人耐药白血病细胞多药耐药基因-1小干扰RNA并研究其功能.方法:人工合成编码mdrl小发夹状双链RNA的DNA片段,与pSilencer4.1-CMV质粒连接构建RNAi真核表达栽体,采用脂质体介导法转染人耐药白血病细胞K562/A,经潮霉素B筛选转基因阳性克隆细胞,RT-PCR和Western Blotting检测转基因细胞中mdrl基因的表达量,MTT法检测转基因细胞对阿霉素的敏感性.结果:RT-PCR结果显示,与未转基因组和阴性对照组比较,RNA干扰组mdrl基因在mRNA水平上表达量降低43.55%;Western Blotting检测显示,RNA干扰组mdrl基因在蛋白水平上表达量降低69.46%;MTT法检测显示mdrl干扰细胞对化疗药物柔红霉素的敏感性提高23倍.结论:mdrl小发夹状RNA可显著抑制K562/A细胞中的mdrl基因的表达,提高白血病细胞对化疗药物的敏感性,对白血病多药耐药性的逆转和白血病的治疗具有重要理论和实际意义. 相似文献
996.
A comprehensive understanding of gene function and the production of site-specific genetically modified mutants are two major goals of genetic engineering in the post-genomic era. Although site-specific recombination systems have been powerful tools for genome manipulation of many organisms, they have not yet been established for use in the manipulation of the silkworm Bombyx mori genome. In this study, we achieved site-specific excision of a target gene at predefined chromosomal sites in the silkworm using a FLP/FRT site-specific recombination system. We first constructed two stable transgenic target silkworm strains that both contain a single copy of the transgene construct comprising a target gene expression cassette flanked by FRT sites. Using pre-blastoderm microinjection of a FLP recombinase helper expression vector, 32 G3 site-specific recombinant transgenic individuals were isolated from five of 143 broods. The average frequency of FLP recombinase-mediated site-specific excision in the two target strains genome was approximately 3.5%. This study shows that it is feasible to achieve site-specific recombination in silkworms using the FLP/FRT system. We conclude that the FLP/FRT system is a useful tool for genome manipulation in the silkworm. Furthermore, this is the first reported use of the FLP/FRT system for the genetic manipulation of a lepidopteran genome and thus provides a useful reference for the establishment of genome manipulation technologies in other lepidopteran species. 相似文献
997.
998.
Chlorella pyrenoidosa is a unicellular green algae and has been a popular foodstuff worldwide. However, no reports on the antitumor peptides from such a microalgae are available in the literature. In this study, using low‐temperature high‐pressure extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, ion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography, we separated a polypeptide that exhibited inhibitory activity on human liver cancer HepG2 cells, and named the polypeptide CPAP (C. pyrenoidosa antitumor polypeptide). Furthermore, the micro‐ and nanoencapsulation of CPAP were investigated by using two methods: complex coacervation and ionotropic gelation. The in vitro release tests revealed that CPAP was well preserved against gastric enzymatic degradation after micro/nanoencapsulation and the slowly controlled release in the intestine could be potentially achieved. These results suggest that CPAP may be a useful ingredient in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:681–687, 2013 相似文献
999.
A simple approach is described to efficiently amplify DNA sequences flanking transposon Tn5 insertions. The method involves: (i) digestion with a restriction enzyme that cuts within Tn5; (ii) self-ligation under conditions favouring the production of monomeric circles; (iii) four parallel PCR reactions using primers designed to amplify left or right flanking sequences, and to distinguish target amplicons from non-specific products. This reveals the number of Tn5 insertions and the size of flanking genomic restriction fragments, without Southern blot analysis. The amplified product contains restriction sites that facilitate cohesive-end cloning. This rapid method is demonstrated using Tn5 and Tn5-Mob tagged DNA sequences involved in albicidin biosynthesis in Xanthomonas albilineans. It is generally applicable for efficient recovery of DNA sequences flanking transposon Tn5 derivatives in insertional mutagenesis studies. 相似文献
1000.