全文获取类型
收费全文 | 69821篇 |
免费 | 7112篇 |
国内免费 | 17946篇 |
专业分类
94879篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 440篇 |
2023年 | 1492篇 |
2022年 | 2742篇 |
2021年 | 3606篇 |
2020年 | 2966篇 |
2019年 | 3501篇 |
2018年 | 3096篇 |
2017年 | 2776篇 |
2016年 | 3217篇 |
2015年 | 3931篇 |
2014年 | 5272篇 |
2013年 | 5201篇 |
2012年 | 6418篇 |
2011年 | 6198篇 |
2010年 | 4649篇 |
2009年 | 4431篇 |
2008年 | 4995篇 |
2007年 | 4542篇 |
2006年 | 4057篇 |
2005年 | 3317篇 |
2004年 | 2906篇 |
2003年 | 2536篇 |
2002年 | 2150篇 |
2001年 | 1842篇 |
2000年 | 1645篇 |
1999年 | 1122篇 |
1998年 | 641篇 |
1997年 | 462篇 |
1996年 | 450篇 |
1995年 | 417篇 |
1994年 | 386篇 |
1993年 | 315篇 |
1992年 | 347篇 |
1991年 | 293篇 |
1990年 | 256篇 |
1989年 | 226篇 |
1988年 | 179篇 |
1987年 | 205篇 |
1986年 | 184篇 |
1985年 | 167篇 |
1984年 | 132篇 |
1983年 | 119篇 |
1982年 | 133篇 |
1981年 | 102篇 |
1980年 | 66篇 |
1979年 | 67篇 |
1978年 | 71篇 |
1977年 | 53篇 |
1973年 | 68篇 |
1972年 | 53篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
Reordering of the parameters of motor activity produced in the scratch generator by regular electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral hindlimb muscle nerve during different limb positions was investigated in decerebrate immobilized cats. Brief short latency inhibition of currently occurring motor activity was produced in response to stimulation, which did not cause an overall shift in the relationship between the intensity of aiming and scratching motion. Changes in cycle duration and intensity of these activities were phase-locked. Speculations were made on the functional role of the phase-locked nature of motor activity remodeling. The possible existence within the scratch generator of a model of the afferent inflow entering the spinal cord during true scratching is suggested.A. A. Bogomolets Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 382–390, May–June, 1987. 相似文献
102.
STEFAN BENGTSON ALEKSANDR B. FEDOROV VLADIMIR V. MISSARZHEVSKY ALEKSEI Yu. ROZANOV ELENA A. ZHEGALLO REY Yu. ZHURAVLEV 《Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy》1987,20(4):361-370
The enigmatic fossil Tumulduria incomperta Missanhevsky 1969 from the basal Tommotian Stage at 'Dvortsy' on the Aldan River, Siberian Platform, is reinvestigated in light of the report (Fedorov et al. 1979, Dokl. AN SSSR 249) of trilobite remains from the same beds. Comparisons of these supposed trilobites with old and new collections from 'Dvortsy' leave no doubt that they are identical to Tumulduria incomperta. Tumulduria is represented by phosphatic plates with a crude bilateral symmetry, consisting of a central longitudinal rounded ridge flanked by flat lateral portions. They are built of growth lamellae overlapping each other along the axis of symmetry. The surface carries prominent transverse folds and lamellar terminations. There is considerable morphological variation, and the similarity of some specimens to trilobites is only superficial. Tumulduria is interpreted as a bilaterally symmetrical metazoan with a dorsal protective plate; it probably represents a short-lived group that left no descendants. 相似文献
103.
The human FL cell line contains very low levels of constitutive AHH activity, but it could be greatly induced by NE, beta-NF and 3-MC, and induced slightly by PB. When two different types of inducer, for example, 3-MC and PB or 3-MC and NE were given in combination, an additive inductive effect was not observed. Both the constitutive and induced AHH in FL cells have characteristics of MFO, namely, NADPH-dependence and CO-sensitivity. The fact that the constitutive and induced AHH in FL cells could be inhibited by a known hydroxylase inhibitor 7,8-BF indicated that the AHH in FL cells belongs to the cytochrome P-448 dependent MFO type. After removal of inducer from the medium, the induced AHH activity remained at a high level for at least 24-36 h. By using AHH-induced FL cells in the UDS assay system for the detection of promutagens/procarcinogens, we found that AFB1 and 3-MC did not induce a UDS reaction in uninduced FL cells, while in beta-NF induced cells, 10(-6)-10(-4) M AFB1 and 10(-7)-10(-6) M 3-MC elicited a very significant UDS reaction, which was concordant with the results obtained in the UDS assay system using HeLa cells or FL cells supplemented with liver microsomes or using primary cultured hepatocytes as indicator cells. B(a)P elicited the UDS reaction at concentrations of 10(-6)-10(-3) M in beta-NF induced cells, whereas 10(-4)-10(-3) M was required in uninduced cells. The results above indicate that this new design is feasible, but further study is needed to assure its accuracy. 相似文献
104.
R K Yu J A Holley L J Macala D D Spencer 《The Yale journal of biology and medicine》1987,60(2):107-117
To understand better the molecular and cellular events associated with status epilepticus, a multifaceted analysis has begun on hippocampal tissues therapeutically removed from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. In this first study, quantitative changes in major ganglioside species are reported, as well as the immunocytochemical localization on the ganglioside GD3 in epileptic human hippocampus. Although significant variations were found between patients, the pattern of change was consistent when compared to normal values obtained from an autopsied specimen and the literature. Total ganglioside content was reduced in epileptic hippocampi, which was attributable, in part, to pyramidal cell loss found in CA1 and CA3. In each case, the percentage of ganglioside GD3 was increased significantly, while ganglioside GD1a decreased. The former change is probably associated with reactive astrocytosis and the latter with loss of neuronal dendrites. Immunocytochemical localization revealed GD3 in the stratum radiatum and the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus. In these areas, GD3 was present in punctate structures and astrocytes. These findings indicate that GD3 increases in selected areas of the sclerotic hippocampus and is presumably related to localized accumulation of reactive glial cells. Since gangliosides have a high affinity for calcium and localized increase in extracellular calcium could disrupt normal neuronal function, the localized increase in GD3 may not only denote reactive glial cells but may contribute directly to the altered, hyperexcitable condition of epilepsy. 相似文献
105.
Regulation of protein kinase C activity by gangliosides 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
D Kreutter J Y Kim J R Goldenring H Rasmussen C Ukomadu R J DeLorenzo R K Yu 《The Journal of biological chemistry》1987,262(4):1633-1637
The activity of protein kinase C (Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent enzyme) in the presence of phosphatidylserine and its physiological regulator, diacylglycerol, could be suppressed by a mixture of brain gangliosides. Half-maximal inhibition was observed at 30 microM and was nearly complete at 100 microM. Inhibition was observed at all concentrations of Ca2+ between 10(-8) and 10(-4) M. Inhibition of protein kinase C activity could not be reversed by increasing the concentration of diacylglycerol or the substrate, histone. Inhibition was also observed when myelin basic protein or a synthetic myelin basic protein peptide was used as substrate. Among the individual gangliosides, the rank order of potency was GT1b greater than GD1a = GD1b greater than GM3 = GM1. Our results suggest that gangliosides may regulate the responsiveness of protein kinase C to diacylglycerol. 相似文献
106.
Characterization of tumor-associated fucogangliosides from PC 12 pheochromocytoma cells 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
T Ariga K Kobayashi Y Kuroda R K Yu M Suzuki H Kitagawa F Inagaki T Miyatake 《The Journal of biological chemistry》1987,262(29):14146-14153
PC 12h pheochromocytoma cells were subcutaneously transplanted into rat. We found the transplanted tumors accumulated some fucogangliosides associated with PC 12 cells. These gangliosides were isolated and purified by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and Iatrobeads column chromatographies. Their structures were determined by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, permethylation study, and sequential degradation using various exoglycosidases and mild acid hydrolysis. Two tumor-associated fucogangliosides were found to possess the blood group B determinant as follows: G6: IV2Fuc alpha, IV3Gal alpha, II3NeuAc, GgOse4Cer; G11: IV2Fuc alpha, IV3Gal alpha, II3 (NeuAc)2, GgOse4Cer. A ganglioside with the similar structure as ganglioside G6 was isolated from rat hepatoma cells (Holmes, E.H., and Hakomori, S-I. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 7698-7703). However, ganglioside G11 has not previously been reported in the literature. These fucogangliosides reacted with the monoclonal antibody prepared by immunizing mice with PC 12h cells. Other fucogangliosides were also found to accumulate in the transplanted tumor tissues. They were identified as fucosyl-GM1 and fucosyl-GDlb. These fucogangliosides did not react with the monoclonal antibody against PC 12h cells. 相似文献
107.
Properties of bovine heart mitochondrial cytochrome b560 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A large-scale preparation of the two-subunit protein complex (QPs) that converts succinate dehydrogenase into succinate-ubiquinone reductase from cytochrome b-c1 particles is achieved by a procedure involving Triton X-100 solubilization and calcium phosphate column chromatography at different pH values. The isolated two-subunit QPs contains 25 nmol of cytochrome b560/mg of protein and is able to reconstitute with soluble succinate dehydrogenase to form a TTFA-sensitive succinate-ubiquinone reductase. The maximum reconstitutive activity is 100 mumol of succinate oxidized per min per mg of QPs protein at 23 degrees C. Although cytochrome b560 in isolated QPs is not succinate reducible and its dithionite reduced form is reactive to carbon monoxide, cytochrome b560 is shown to be physically associated with succinate dehydrogenase by the following observations. The dithionite reduced form of cytochrome b560 in isolated QPs has a symmetrical alpha-absorption peak, which upon reconstitution with succinate dehydrogenase becomes slightly broadened and shows a shoulder at around 553 nm, identical to that of cytochrome b560 in succinate-ubiquinone reductase. Upon addition of succinate dehydrogenase to QPs, about 50% of the reduced form of cytochrome b560 in the QPs becomes insensitive to carbon monoxide treatment. The redox potential of cytochrome b560 in QPs is -144 mV which is higher than that of cytochrome b560 in succinate-ubiquinone reductase (-185 mV). Upon addition of succinate dehydrogenase, the redox potential of about 46% of the cytochrome b560 in QPs preparation becomes identical to that of cytochrome b560 in succinate-ubiquinone reductase. Cytochrome b560 in the QPs preparation shows two epr signals, g = 3.07 and g = 2.92, whereas cytochrome b560 in succinate-ubiquinone reductase exhibits only one epr signal at g = 3.46. When QPs is reconstituted with succinate dehydrogenase to form succinate-ubiquinone reductase, the g = 3.46 epr signal reappears at the expense of the g = 3.07 signal. Based on epr measurement at liquid helium temperature, about 18% of the total cytochrome b in the isolated active succinate-cytochrome c reductase is cytochrome b560, indicating that cytochrome b560 is indeed a unique cytochrome b and not a denatured product of cytochrome b562 or b565. 相似文献
108.
雄性水狼蛛生殖球顶部的扫描电镜研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文对我国已知的十一种水狼蛛(蜘蛛目:狼蛛科)生殖球顶部用扫描电镜进行了研究。结果表明,水狼蛛属蜘蛛插入器细长,其后端位于顶突上一突起的凹槽内,顶突作为功能引导器保护着插入器,而无其他狼蛛属具有的次生真正引导器;顶突的形状和其上的突起、顶突与插入器的相互关系对于种的分类与鉴定,特别是对于近似种的区分有较大的参考价值,但仅根据插入器从顶部升起的位置来作为分新属的主要标准,笔者认为还值得商榷和进一步探讨。 相似文献
109.
Resonance Raman evidence for the mechanism of the allosteric control of O2-binding in a cobalt-substituted monomeric insect hemoglobin. 下载免费PDF全文
The substitution of iron for cobalt in the monomeric insect hemoglobin CTT (Chironomus thummi thummi) III does not alter the Bohr effect for O2-binding. The cobalt substitution in this hemoglobin allows us to identify not only the O-O and Co-O2 stretching mode but also the Co-O-O bending mode by resonance Raman spectroscopy. The assignments were made via 16O2/18O2 isotope exchange. The modes associated with the Co-O-O moiety are pH-dependent. These pH-induced changes of the resonance Raman spectra are correlated with the t = r conformation transition. At high pH (high-affinity state) two unperturbed O-O stretching modes are observed at 1,068 cm-1 (major component) and 1,093 cm-1 (minor component) for the 18O2 complex. These frequencies correspond to split modes at 1,107 cm-1 and 1,136 cm-1 and an unperturbed mode at approximately 1,153 cm-1 for the 16O2 complex. At low pH (low-affinity state) the minor component becomes the major component and vice versa. The Co-O2 stretching frequency varies for approximately 520 cm-1 (pH 5.5) to 537 cm-1 (pH 9.5) indicating a stronger (hence shorter) Co-O2 bond in the high-affinity state. On the other hand, the O-O bond is weakened upon the conversion of the low- to the high-affinity state. The Co-O-O bending mode changes from 390 cm-1 (pH 9.5) to 374 cm-1 (pH 5.5). In the deoxy form the resonance Raman spectra are essentially pH-insensitive except for a vinyl mode at 414 cm-1 (pH 5.5), which is shifted to 416 cm-1 (pH 5.5). 相似文献
110.
Antimutagenic effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on 4NQO-induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli WP2 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Aqueous extract prepared from garlic bulbs markedly suppressed the mutagenesis in both E. coli WP2 trp- and E. coli WP2 trp- uvrA- induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO), but not that induced by UV. Cellular toxicity, inhibition of the expression of the Trp+ phenotype and delay of the first cell division after 4NQO treatment were not observed in the presence of the extract. Since the extract showed identical antimutagenic effects against 4NQO in both test strains but no effect on the mutagenesis of UV, it seems that the extract might act by inactivating the electrophilic group(s) of 4NQO or inhibiting its metabolic activation. 相似文献