自噬在病原真菌生殖中的作用

自噬是真核生物中重要且高度保守的蛋白降解过程。在此过程中,细胞中的细胞器、长寿蛋白及其他大分子物质被双层膜的自噬体包裹并运送至降解细胞器中进行降解并重新利用。自噬在病原真菌诸如细胞分化、营养动态平衡以及致病性等各种细胞过程中起重要作用。在本综述中,我们简要介绍了自噬过程,并以人体病原真菌新生隐球菌为例介绍了病原真菌的有性生殖过程;同时我们也总结了目前模式病原真菌中自噬相关基因的研究情况以及自噬调控病原真菌无性和有性生殖的可能机理;最后我们总结全文并讨论了未来自噬调控真菌有性生殖机理研究的工作方向。     

Imobilization of β-glucosidase using the cellulose-binding domain of Bacillus subtilis endo-β-1,4-glucanase

A recombinant plasmid pβCBD was constructed for immobilization of Cellulomonas fimi β-glucosidase (Cbg) using the cellulose-binding domain (CBD) of Bacillus subtilis BSE 616 endo-β-1,4-glucanase (Beg). The Cbg-CBD _Beg fusion protein, 80 kDa, was expressed in Escherichia coli and immobilized to Avicel. Cellobiose was completely hydrolyzed with the immobilized fusion protein. The fusion protein bound to Avicel retained full activity during continuous operation for 24 h at 4°C. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Chromosomal localization of the loci responsible for dystrophic cardiac calcinosis in DBA/2 mice.

Dystrophic cardiac calcinosis (DCC) occurs in certain inbred strains of mice, including DBA/2 and C3H/He, and is generally found as an incidental lesion in adult animals at necropsy. Preliminary genetic studies into the cause of DCC have been performed in DBA/2 mice and suggest that DCC is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait involving three or four unlinked genes. To investigate the genetics of DCC further, we produced myocardial cell death by freeze-thaw injury to induce DCC. Experiments were conducted with three F1 hybrids made using three inbred strains of mice (DBA/2J and C3H/HeJ, DCC-susceptible strains; C57BL/6J, DCC-resistant strain) to compare the genetic factors in the development of DCC. We found that DBA/2 and C3H/He mice share the same gene pattern(s) that is responsible for DCC. We determined by backcross linkage analysis in DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice that at least one recessive locus is responsible for DCC. A haplotype analysis of the backcross data demonstrated that the recessive locus, designated dyscalc1, is located on Chromosome 7, 20.5 cM distal to the centromere. The likely candidate genes for dyscalc1 are discussed. Further understanding of the structure and function of these mutant genes will be beneficial in explaining the molecular pathogenesis of DCC.     

兼抗白粉、条锈病小偃麦渗入系CH7124抗性遗传及细胞学鉴定

CH7124是通过八倍体小偃麦TAI8335与感病小麦杂交、回交育成的兼抗白粉病、条锈病的小偃麦种质系。利用抗性接种鉴定、细胞学和基因组原位杂交(GISH)技术相结合的方法,对CH7124的抗性来源、遗传方式及细胞学特征进行了分析和鉴定。结果表明,CH7124在苗期和成株期对条锈菌系CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33和白粉菌系E09、E20、E21、E26表现为免疫或近免疫,其抗性来自中间偃麦草,受1对显性核基因控制;CH7124的根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期I(PMC MI)绝大多数细胞内可观察到21个二价体,平均配对构型为2n=0.30 I+20.79 II+0.04 III;与普通小麦中国春、绵阳11的杂种F1中,有80%以上的花粉母细胞可观察到2n=21Ⅱ的染色体构型,其平均配对构型均为2n=21II。说明CH7124具有与普通小麦相似的染色体结构和规则的配对构型。由于利用以中间偃麦草总DNA为标记探针的原位杂交未观察到可见的外源DNA杂交信号,进一步证明CH7124是一个小麦-中间偃麦草的隐形异源渗入系。     

Biological soil crusts in ecological restoration: emerging research and perspectives

Drylands encompass over 40% of terrestrial ecosystems and face significant anthropogenic degradation causing a loss of ecosystem integrity, services, and deterioration of social‐ecological systems. To combat this degradation, some dryland restoration efforts have focused on the use of biological soil crusts (biocrusts): complex communities of cyanobacteria, algae, lichens, bryophytes, and other organisms living in association with the top millimeters of soil. Biocrusts are common in many ecosystems and especially drylands. They perform a suite of ecosystem functions: stabilizing soil surfaces to prevent erosion, contributing carbon through photosynthesis, fixing nitrogen, and mediating the hydrological cycle in drylands. Biocrusts have emerged as a potential tool in restoration; developing methods to implement effective biocrust restoration has the potential to return many ecosystem functions and services. Although culture‐based approaches have allowed researchers to learn about the biology, physiology, and cultivation of biocrusts, transferring this knowledge to field implementation has been more challenging. A large amount of research has amassed to improve our understanding of biocrust restoration, leaving us at an opportune time to learn from one another and to join approaches for maximum efficacy. The articles in this special issue improve the state of our current knowledge in biocrust restoration, highlighting efforts to effectively restore biocrusts through a variety of different ecosystems, across scales and utilizing a variety of lab and field methods. This collective work provides a useful resource for the scientific community as well as land managers.     

科尔沁沙地沙漠化过程中的物种多样性

对内蒙古科尔沁地区沙漠化过程中物种多样性的变化特征进行了分析 ,依据植物种在各类型沙漠化土地的出现频率和不同沙漠化阶段各生活型植物种的组成 ,探讨了沙漠化过程中植物种绝灭和定居特点 .物种多样性指数分析表明 ,沙漠化过程是一个物种多样性衰减的过程 ,沙漠化首先导致特有种的绝灭 ,其次为稀有种和普通种 .从植物的生活型来看 ,多年生草本和灌木类植物受沙漠化影响最大 ,而 1年生草本和半灌木类植物可存活于沙漠化过程各个阶段 .在沙漠化过程中植物种的绝灭速率大于定居速率 .     

HO-1 and JAK-2/STAT-1 signals are involved in preferential inhibition of iNOS over COX-2 gene expression by newly synthesized tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid, CKD712, in cells activated with lipopolysacchride

We found that CKD712, an S enantiomer of YS49, strongly inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NO induction but showed a weak inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PGE(2) induction in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. We, therefore, investigated the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for this by using CKD712 in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. Treatment with either SP600125, a specific JNK inhibitor or TPCK, a NF-kappaB inhibitor, but neither ERK inhibitor PD98059 nor p38 inhibitor SB203580, significantly inhibited LPS-mediated iNOS and COX-2 induction. CKD712 inhibited NF-kappaB (p65) activity and translocation but failed to prevent JNK activation. However, AG490, a specific JAK-2/STAT-1 inhibitor, efficiently prevented LPS-mediated iNOS induction but not the induction of COX-2, and CKD712 completely blocked STAT-1 phosphorylation by LPS, suggesting that the NF-kappaB and JAK-2/STAT-1 pathways but not the JNK pathway are important for CKD712 action. Interestingly, CKD712 induced heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) gene expression in LPS-treated cells. LPS-induced NF-kappaB and STAT-1 activation was partially prevented by HO-1 overexpression. Furthermore, HO-1 siRNA partly reversed not only the LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation and STAT-1 phosphorylation but also inhibition of these actions by CKD 712. Additionally, silencing HO-1 by siRNA prevented CKD712 from inhibiting iNOS expression but not COX-2. When examined plasma NO and PGE(2) levels and iNOS and COX-2 protein levels in lung tissues of mice injected with LPS (10 mg/kg), pretreatment with CKD712 greatly prevented NO and iNOS induction in a dose-dependent manner and slightly affected PGE(2) and COX-2 production as expected. Taken together, we conclude that inhibition of JAK-2/STAT-1 pathways by CKD 712 is critical for the differential inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 by LPS in vitro and in vivo where HO-1 induction also contributes to this by partially modulating JAK-2/STAT-1 pathways.     

Gramene: a resource for comparative grass genomics

Gramene (http://www.gramene.org) is a comparative genome mapping database for grasses and a community resource for rice. Rice, in addition to being an economically important crop, is also a model monocot for understanding other agronomically important grass genomes. Gramene replaces the existing AceDB database ‘RiceGenes’ with a relational database based on Oracle. Gramene provides curated and integrative information about maps, sequence, genes, genetic markers, mutants, QTLs, controlled vocabularies and publications. Its aims are to use the rice genetic, physical and sequence maps as fundamental organizing units, to provide a common denominator for moving from one crop grass to another and is to serve as a portal for interconnecting with other web-based crop grass resources. This paper describes the initial steps we have taken towards realizing these goals.     

操作条件对生物质催化热解产轻质芳烃的影响

以轻质芳烃苯、甲苯、二甲苯以及萘（BTXN）为目的产物,采用双颗粒流化床对松木进行了催化热分解实验。讨论了催化剂CoMo-B加氢催化作用下,静止床高、流化气速、床层压降的相互关系,得到了一个合适的操作条件,为热分解实验提供了必要的基础实验数据。在热分解实验中,调查了操作气速、床层高度以及热解温度对产物收率和分布的影响,得到了中间产物苯、甲苯、二甲苯和萘等轻质芳烃化合物最高收率为6．3％下的最佳操作条件：催化剂为CoMo-B,气速2．0cm／s,床层高度为0．08m,热解温度863K。