Complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Odontamblyopus rubicundus (Perciformes: Gobiidae): genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis

Odontamblyopus rubicundus is a species of gobiid fishes, inhabits muddy-bottomed coastal waters. In this paper, the first complete mitochondrial genome sequence of O. rubicundus is reported. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence is 17119 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, a control region and an L-strand origin as in other teleosts. Most mitochondrial genes are encoded on H-strand except for ND6 and seven tRNA genes. Some overlaps occur in protein-coding genes and tRNAs ranging from 1 to 7 bp. The possibly nonfunctional L-strand origin folded into a typical stem-loop secondary structure and a conserved motif (5^′-GCCGG-3^′) was found at the base of the stem within the tRNA ^Cys gene. The TAS, CSB-2 and CSB-3 could be detected in the control region. However, in contrast to most of other fishes, the central conserved sequence block domain and the CSB-1 could not be recognized in O. rubicundus, which is consistent with Acanthogobius hasta (Gobiidae). In addition, phylogenetic analyses based on different sequences of species of Gobiidae and different methods showed that the classification of O. rubicundus into Odontamblyopus due to morphology is debatable.     

Macroinvertebrate community structure,secondary production and trophic‐level dynamics in urban streams affected by non‐point‐source pollution

1. Despite non‐point‐source (NPS) pollution being perhaps the most ubiquitous stressor affecting urban streams, there is a lack of research assessing how urban NPS pollution affects stream ecosystems. We used a natural experimental design approach to assess how stream macroinvertebrate community structure, secondary production and trophic structure are influenced by urban NPS pollution in six streams. 2. Differences in macroinvertebrate community structure and secondary production among sites were highly correlated with stream‐water specific conductivity and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentrations. Macroinvertebrate richness, the Shannon diversity index and the Shannon evenness index were all negatively correlated with specific conductivity. These patterns were driven by differences in the richness and production of EPT and other intolerant taxa. Production of the five most productive taxa, tolerant taxa, non‐insect taxa and primary consumers were all positively correlated with stream‐water DIP. 3. Despite the positive correlation between primary consumer production and DIP, there was no correlation between macroinvertebrate predator production and either total or primary consumer macroinvertebrate production. This was observed because DIP was positively correlated with the production of non‐insect macroinvertebrate taxa assumed to be relatively unavailable for macroinvertebrate predator consumption. After removing production of these taxa, we observed a strong positive correlation between macroinvertebrate predator production and production of available prey. 4. Our results suggest that urban NPS pollution not only affects macroinvertebrate community structure, but also alters secondary production and trophic‐level dynamics. Differences in taxon production in our study indicate the potential for altered energy flow through stream food webs and potential effects on subsidies of aquatic insect prey to riparian food webs.     

崇明东滩鸟类栖息地优化区越冬水鸟的栖息地利用及影响因子

阐明水鸟栖息地利用与环境因子的关系有助于制定针对性的水鸟保护对策。本研究在2012~2013年冬季对崇明东滩鸟类栖息地优化区内越冬水鸟的种类、数量以及6种环境因子(植被面积比例、裸地面积比例、水深、地形变异、栖息地结构多样性和干扰)进行调查,以了解水鸟对人工湿地的栖息地利用及其影响因子。野外调查共记录到水鸟24种9 018只,其中优势种为斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhyncha)和绿头鸭(A.platyrhynchos);栖息地优化区内水鸟休息的个体数量占总数量的79.2%,这表明优化区是大多数水鸟的休息地,而小(Tachybaptus ruficollis)、白骨顶(Fulica atra)、黑水鸡(Gallinula chloropus)、白琵鹭(Platalea leucorodia)和黑脸琵鹭(P.minor)的觅食个体数量超过60%,说明优化区也为这些鸟类提供了觅食地。逐步回归分析表明,裸地面积比例是影响越冬水鸟种类分布的最主要因子;尽管游禽在地形变异较大、植被面积比例较低的区域数量较多,但在休息时游禽更偏好于裸地面积比例较高的区域,而涉禽休息时偏好于地形变异较大的区域。为增加栖息地优化区内的水鸟多样性,建议在优化区内种植水鸟可食的沉水植物以增加水鸟的食物资源,同时增加裸地面积比例和地形变异程度,更好地为水鸟提供栖息地。     

10种棘豆属植物的trnL-F序列及其分子系统学研究

选择内蒙古27个样地采集的10种棘豆属植物54个单株,提取样品的基因组DNA,对其叶绿体trnL-F序列进行扩增、测序,所得序列利用ClustalX软件进行对位排列,并用MEGA5.0软件采用最大似然法构建系统发育树,以探讨棘豆属的种间关系与系统进化.结果显示:(1)10种棘豆属trnL-F的变异位点54个,信息位点46个,种间碱基差异百分率为1.9％,GC含量变化范围在30.69％～31.50％之间.(2)棘豆属与黄芪属各为一支,自展支持率达99％,支持棘豆属植物为单系起源.(3)系统树中小花棘豆的样本自成一支,为相对独立进化;多叶棘豆、砂珍棘豆和黄毛棘豆的样本相互混杂,表明亲缘关系很近,从而支持《内蒙古植物志》将三者归入真棘豆亚属轮叶棘豆组的观点.(4)刺叶柄棘豆的样本不同样地形成2个分支,对其亚属水平上的分类需进一步探讨.(5)缘毛棘豆与阴山棘豆的样本聚成一支,支持将二者归入矮生棘豆组.研究表明,trnL-F序列可为棘豆属下种间系统发育关系研究提供分子证据.     

卤虫投喂下长吻(鱼危)仔稚鱼消化酶发育和口宽变化的研究

采用酶学和形态学测定方法, 研究在投喂卤虫条件下长吻(鱼危)仔鱼4种主要消化酶: 胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶的活性变化以及长吻(鱼危)仔鱼口宽、全长变化。实验共进行13d, 实验结果表明: (1)长吻(鱼危)仔鱼全长、口宽的发育与其日龄表现出明显的线性正相关(R_TL²=0.974, R_MW²=0.964)。口宽与全长比值(MW/TL)在仔鱼开口后急剧下降, 并自7日龄开始维持在0.07—0.08, 口宽和全长处于同步发育期并表现出明显的相关性(R²=0.948), 说明7日龄(/h, days post hatching)后口宽和全长处于同步发育期, 标志仔鱼转食的开始。(2)长吻(鱼危)仔鱼初次开口时即可检测出四种消化酶的活性。5—7/h时胰蛋白酶显著高于初孵仔鱼, 与此时仔鱼开始开口摄食的行为相一致。胃蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性在仔鱼孵化后第7天即开口的第3天, 淀粉酶活性在孵化后第6天, 显著高于初次孵化出来的仔鱼。8—13/h时, 胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性均在较高水平平稳的波动, 标志着消化道发育逐渐健全。     

东海竹筴鱼的食性

以2008年5月、8月、11月和2009年2月东海灯光围网采集到的453条东海竹筴鱼为研究对象,对其胃含物进行分析,应用K-W非参数检验、卡方检验、聚类分析等方法,对不同季节和发育阶段条件下东海竹筴鱼的食性进行研究.结果表明: 东海竹筴鱼的饵料生物有124种(包括未鉴定种),浮游甲壳类和小型鱼类为其主要饵料类群.优势饵料生物依次是麦氏犀鳕(IRI%=39.2%)、长尾类糠虾幼体(IRI%=18.4%)、短尾类大眼幼体(IRI%=7.6%)和太平洋磷虾(IRI%=6.6%)等.季节和叉长对东海竹筴鱼的摄食强度均有显著影响(P<0.01),东海竹筴鱼春季摄食强度最高,而冬季最低;叉长140～159 mm的竹筴鱼摄食强度最高,叉长45~99 mm的幼鱼的摄食强度较高,其余叉长的鱼摄食强度相对较低.聚类分析结果表明,叉长100 mm是东海竹筴鱼摄食取向的拐点.东海竹筴鱼四季的平均营养级为3.51,属于低级肉食性鱼类.     

苦荞籽壳化学成分的研究

从苦荞籽壳Tataricum husks中分离得到9个单体化合物,经理化常数及波谱数据分析鉴定其结构分别为:芦丁(rutin,1)、槲皮素(quercetin,2)、山奈酚(kaempferol,3)、山奈酚-3-O-芦丁糖苷(kaempferol-3-O-rutin-nos,4)、大黄素(emodin,5)、谷甾醇棕榈酸酯(β-sitosterol palmitate,6)、α-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol,7)、过氧化麦角甾醇(ergosterolperoxide,8)和胡萝卜苷(daucostero,9)。除芦丁和槲皮素外,其余化合物为首次从苦荞麦籽壳中分离得到。     

木蝴蝶化学成分研究

本文对木蝴蝶Oroxylum indicum(L.)Vent.种子的化学成分进行了研究,以85%乙醇加热回流提取木蝴蝶成熟种子,提取物经柱层析和重结晶手段分离,最终得到10个化合物,根据波谱学手段和理化性质,鉴定其结构分别为木蝴蝶苷B(1),木蝴蝶苷A(2),白杨黄素(3),白杨黄素-7-O-双葡萄糖苷(4),白杨黄素-7-O-β-吡喃半乳糖醛酸苷(5),芹菜素(6),羽扇豆醇(7),2α,3β-二羟基羽扇豆醇(8),豆甾醇(9),油酸(10),其中,化合物6～9为首次从木蝴蝶属植物中分得。     

以小时为步长的大兴安岭兴安落叶松林地表可燃物含水率预测模型

应用时滞平衡含水率法(包括Nelson和Simard两种)及气象要素回归法,以小时为步长对大兴安岭地区阳坡上部落叶松林下地表细小死可燃物进行动态含水率测定,分析了不同郁闭度林分的预测误差.结果表明:以小时为步长的可燃物含水率预测方法适用于大兴安岭地区的典型落叶松林分,Simard法预测平均绝对误差为1.1%,平均相对误差为8.5%,低于Nelson法和传统的气象要素回归法,接近同类研究的误差范围;同一坡度、坡位上,不同郁闭度下的可燃物含水率变化差异较大,使用以小时为步长的可燃物含水率预测方法,应根据不同地区林分和地点选择合适的平衡含水率模型,或建立基于林分的可燃物含水率模型.