Primary structure of chain I of the heterodimeric hemoglobin from the blood clamBarbatia virescens

The blood clamBarbatia virescens has a heterodimeric hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Interestingly, the congeneric clamsB. reeveana andB. lima contain quite different hemoglobins: tetramer and polymeric hemoglobin consisting of unusual didomain chain. The complete amino acid sequence of chain I ofB. virescens has been determined. The sequence was mainly determined from CNBr peptides and their subpeptides, and the alignment of the peptides was confirmed by sequencing of PCR-amplified cDNA forB. virescens chain I. The cDNA-derived amino acid sequence matched completely with the sequence proposed from protein sequencing.B. virescens chain I is composed of 156 amino acid residues, and the molecular mass was calculated to be 18,387 D, including a heme group. The sequence ofB. virescens chain I showed 35–42% sequence identity with those of the related clamAnadara trapezia and the congeneric clamB. reeveana. An evolutionary tree forAnadara andBarbatia chains clearly indicates that all of the chains are evolved from one ancestral globin gene, and that the divergence of chains has occurred in each clam after the speciation. The evolutionary rate for clam hemoglobins was estimated to be about four times faster than that of vertebrate hemoglobin. We suggest that blood clam hemoglobin is a physiologically less important molecule when compared with vertebrate hemoglobins, and so it evolved rapidly and resulted in a remarkable diversity in quaternary and subunit structure within a relatively short period.     

RFP is a DNA binding protein associated with the nuclear matrix.

We reported that the RFP gene encodes a protein with putative zinc finger domains and was involved in the activation of the ret proto-oncogene. To further characterize the RFP protein, we developed a polyclonal antibody against the product synthesized from a fragment of the RFP cDNA expressed in Escherichia coli. Western blot analysis showed that RFP was identified as a 58 kDa protein in cell lysates from four human and rodent cell lines and from mouse testis. In addition, a unique 68 kDa protein was detected in the testis. Using AH7974 (rat ascites hepatoma) and Raji (human Burkitt lymphoma) cells, we demonstrated strong association of RFP with the nuclear matrix. Furthermore, RFP solubilized from the nuclear matrix had DNA-binding activity although it appears to bind more preferentially to double-stranded DNA than to single-stranded DNA. These results thus suggest that RFP may play a role in molecular processes which occur in the nuclear matrix.     

Complementation study of peroxisome-deficient disorders by immunofluorescence staining and characterization of fused cells

Summary Genetic heterogeneity in peroxisome-deficient disorders, including Zellweger's cerebrohepatorenal syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and infantile Refsum disease, was investigated. Fibroblasts from 17 patients were fused using polyethylene glycol, cultivated on cover slips, and the formation of peroxisomes in the fused cells was visualized by immunofluorescence staining, using anti-human catalase IgG. Two distinct staining patterns were observed: (1) peroxisomes appeared in the majority of multinucleated cells, and (2) practically no peroxisomes were identified. Single step 12-(1-pyrene) dodecanoic acid/ultraviolet (P12/UV)-selection confirmed that the former groups were resistant to this selection, most of the surviving cells contained abundant peroxisomes, and the latter cells died. In the complementary matching, [1^-14C]lignoceric acid oxidation and the biosynthesis of peroxisomal proteins were also normalized. Five complementation groups were identified. Group A: Zellweger syndrome and infantile Refsum disease; Groups B, C and D: Zellweger syndrome; Group E: Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and infantile Refsum disease. We compared these groupings with those of Roscher and identified eight complementation groups. There was no obvious relation between complementation groups and clinical phenotypes. These results indicate that the transport, intracellular processing and function of peroxisomal proteins were normalized in the complementary matching and that at least eight different genes are involved in the formation of normal peroxisomes and in the transport of peroxisomal enzymes.     

The parasitoidOoencyrtus nezarae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) prefers hosts parasitized by conspecifics over unparasitized hosts

Summary Two laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the ovipositional preferences of the egg parasitoidOoencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) for parasitized and unparasitizedMegacopta punctatissimum Montandon (Hemiptera: Plataspidae). Females that had never oviposited or that had not oviposite for 3 days preferred recently parasitized hosts more than unparasitized hosts. The preference for recently parasitized hosts appeared to be mediated by the punctures in already parasitized hosts made by the ovipositor of the first female. Survival of the parasitoid progeny was lower in recently parasitized hosts than in unparasitized hosts. However, handling time of parasitized hosts was extremely short relative to that of unparasitized hosts, because the superparasitizing female could use the punctures made by the previous females. It is concluded that the females preferred the parasitized hosts over unparasitized hosts because the benefit of saving time and energy for drilling was more than the cost of progeny survival.     

Continuous acetic acid production by the bioreactor system loading a new ceramic carrier for microbial attachment

Summary We have developed a bioreactor system for aerobic fermentation, using a new ceramic carrier APHROCELL which has a suitable shape for liquid and gas passage. In acetic acid fermentation byAcetobacter cells from ethanol, as a typical example of aerobic fermentation, a productivity of 17.25 g/l h was attained at continuous production of 23 g-acetic acid/l; at an acetic acid concentration around 53 g/l, the productivity was 6.4 g/l h. Thus a marketable vinegar can be obtained continuously by this bioreactor system. Because of the simplicity of the APHROCELL reactor, scale up should be relatively easy.     

Enhancingin vitro antibody production rate per cell by applying mouse peritoneal factors

Summary Monoclonal antibody production rateper hybridoma cell was measured as much larger in mouse peritoneal cavity thanin vitro culture. To identify factors enhancing antibody productivity per cell, a hybridoma was culturedin vitro with ascites and peritoneal exudate cells(PEC). Both the ascites and the PEC improved the productivity per cellin vitro. Each chromatograph-fraction of ascites was assayed for the enhancing activity.     

Reduced cholecystokinin in the brain of LEC rats with hepatic encephalopathy.

Levels of cholecystokinin (CCK) immunoreactivity and distribution of CCK immunoreactive cells were studied in the cerebral cortex of LEC (Long Evans Cinnamon) rats with hepatic encephalopathy. CCK immunoreactivity in water extract of cerebral cortex of LEC rats with hepatic encephalopathy (n = 7) was 41.5 +/- 2.6 (mean +/- S.E.M. pmol/g wet wt.) and that of LEC rats without encephalopathy (n = 8) was 67.1 +/- 6.9, the difference being significant (P less than 0.01). CCK immunoreactive cells assessed by immunohistochemistry were also markedly decreased in the cortex of LEC rats with hepatic encephalopathy of stage IV. Thus, CCK reduction was observed in the cerebral cortex of LEC rats with hepatic encephalopathy which are provided as a model for analysis of the pathogenesis of acute hepatic encephalopathy.     

Xenopus M phase MAP kinase: isolation of its cDNA and activation by MPF.

MAP kinase is activated and phosphorylated during M phase of the Xenopus oocyte cell cycle, and induces the interphase-M phase transition of microtubule dynamics in vitro. We have carried out molecular cloning of Xenopus M phase MAP kinase and report its entire amino acid sequence. There is no marked change in the MAP kinase mRNA level during the cell cycle. Moreover, studies with an anti-MAP kinase antiserum indicate that MAP kinase activity may be regulated posttranslationally, most likely by phosphorylation. We show that MAP kinase can be activated by microinjection of MPF into immature oocytes or by adding MPF to cell-free extracts of interphase eggs. These results suggest that MAP kinase functions as an intermediate between MPF and the interphase-M phase transition of microtubule organization.     

A convenient approach to the synthesis of medium size oligodeoxyribonucleotides by improved new phosphite method.

Improvement of the new phosphite method for the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides using the deoxyribonucleoside 3'-bis(1,1,1,3,3,3- hexafluoro-2-propyl) phosphite unit has been carried out via the hydrolysis and capping steps, without any side reaction products. The new phosphite unit and capping agent, bis(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propyl)-2-propyl phosphite, is readily activated by N-methylimdazole under very mild condition on a solid support. This operation involves a one pot reaction, which is an advantage over both the phosphite and H- phosphonate approaches. The mechanism of internucleotidic bond formation of the new phosphite method is also discussed.