Chromosomal characterization of two species of genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Steatogenys</Emphasis> (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyoidea: Steatogenini) from the Amazon basin: sex chromosomes and correlations with Gymnotiformes phylogeny

Gymnotiformes are an important component of the Neotropical ichthyofauna and they are known for their ability to generate and detect electrical discharges. Phylogenetic relationships of Gymnotiformes are still not well understood. However, the monophyly of the superfamily Rhamphichthyoidea is well accepted, despite the position of tribe Steatogenini (Steatogenys, Hypopygus and Stegostenopos) within this superfamily is unclear. The genus Steatogenys includes three species that, together with Hypopygus and Stegostenopos, form tribe Steatogenini. Cytogenetic information is currently only available for Hypopygus lepturus. Here, we describe the karyotypes of Steatogenys elegans from four localities and S. duidae from two localities. S. elegans was found to have 2n = 50, ZZ/ZW (12m-sm/38st-a), while S. duidae had 2n = 50 (50m-sm). In S. elegans, constitutive heterochromatin (CH) was observed in the centromeric regions of all chromosomes, in the interstitial region of 1q, and in two blocks of Wq. In S. duidae, CH was observed in the centromeric and pericentromeric regions of all chromosomes, and in the interstitial regions of 2q, 3q, 5q, and 7q. Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were identified in the distal regions of one chromosome pair in each species. The CMA₃ fluorochrome (specific to G-C rich regions) coincided with the NORs in both species, and with the HC of S. elegans except on chromosome pair 5 and the W. The DAPI fluorochrome (specific to A-T rich regions) coincided with the CH of both species, and was very intense for chromosome pair 5 and the W of S. elegans. Our observations suggest that the ZZ/ZW system observed in S. elegans likely evolved through CH addition followed by a paracentric inversion. The chromosomal data described herein are consistent with the phylogenetic hypothesis that tribe Steatogenini should be positioned within family Ramphychthyidae.     

Expression, purification and characterization of isoforms of peripheral stalk subunits of human V-ATPase

The vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multi-subunit proton pump that is involved in both intra- and extracellular acidification processes throughout human body. Subunits constituting the peripheral stalk of the V-ATPase are known to have several isoforms responsible for tissue/cell specific different physiological roles. To study the different interaction of these isoforms, we expressed and purified the isoforms of human V-ATPase peripheral stalk subunits using Escherichia coli cell-free protein synthesis system: E1, E2, G1, G2, G3, C1, C2, H and N-terminal soluble part of a1 and a2 isoforms. The purification conditions were different depending on the isoforms, maybe reflecting the isoform specific biochemical characteristics. The purified proteins are expected to facilitate further experiments to study about the cell specific interaction and regulation and thus provide insight into physiological meaning of the existence of several isoforms of each subunit in V-ATPase.     

Therapeutic siRNA silencing in inflammatory monocytes in mice

Excessive and prolonged activity of inflammatory monocytes is a hallmark of many diseases with an inflammatory component. In such conditions, precise targeting of these cells could be therapeutically beneficial while sparing many essential functions of the innate immune system, thus limiting unwanted effects. Inflammatory monocytes-but not the noninflammatory subset-depend on the chemokine receptor CCR2 for localization to injured tissue. Here we present an optimized lipid nanoparticle and a CCR2-silencing short interfering RNA that, when administered systemically in mice, show rapid blood clearance, accumulate in spleen and bone marrow, and localize to monocytes. Efficient degradation of CCR2 mRNA in monocytes prevents their accumulation in sites of inflammation. Specifically, the treatment attenuates their number in atherosclerotic plaques, reduces infarct size after coronary artery occlusion, prolongs normoglycemia in diabetic mice after pancreatic islet transplantation, and results in reduced tumor volumes and lower numbers of tumor-associated macrophages.     

Essentializing Dilemma and Multiculturalist Pedagogy: An Ethnographic Study of Japanese Children in a U.S. School

This article examines some Japanese children's experiences at a U.S. elementary school, as well as their teachers' pedagogical responses. Two discourses of difference—"individual difference" and "social/cultural difference"—were used in the school in somewhat dichotomous ways, and the combination worked against those children who had difficulty adjusting. A third pedagogic discourse of difference needs to be constructed to aid teachersfacing essentializing dilemmas.     

High Fos expression during the active phase in orexin neurons of a diurnal rodent, Tamias sibiricus barberi

To investigate whether a diurnal animal possesses the orexinergic system implicating vigilance and behavior, we examined Fos immunoreactivity (IR) in orexinergic neurons of Korean chipmunks raised under 12h light-dark cycles. Brain tissue, collected at four different zeitgeber times (ZT), was double-labeled with Fos and orexin-A antibodies. There was no difference in the number of orexin-IR neurons in the hypothalamus across all ZTs. However, more orexin-IR neurons expressing Fos-IR were found at ZTs 3 and 9 than ZTs 15 and 21. The results demonstrate circadian variations in the activation of orexin neurons corresponding with locomotor cycles, similarly seen in nocturnal rodents.     

Identification of AQP5 in lipid rafts and its translocation to apical membranes by activation of M3 mAChRs in interlobular ducts of rat parotid gland

Aquaporin-5 (AQP5), an apical plasma membrane (APM) water channel in salivary glands, lacrimal glands, and airway epithelium, has an important role in fluid secretion. M₃ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR)-induced changes in AQP5 localization in rat parotid glands were investigated with immunofluorescence or immunoelectron microscopy, detergent solubility, and gradient density floatation assays. Confocal microscopy revealed AQP5 localization in intracellular vesicles of interlobular duct cells in rat parotid glands and AQP5 trafficking to the APM 10 min after injection of the mAChR agonist cevimeline. Conversely, 60 min after injection, there was a diffuse pattern of AQP5 staining in the cell cytoplasm. The calcium ionophore A-23187 mimicked the effects of cevimeline. Immunoelectron microscopic studies confirmed that cevimeline induced AQP5 trafficking from intracellular structures to APMs in the interlobular duct cells of rat parotid glands. Lipid raft markers flotillin-2 and GM1 colocalized with AQP5 and moved with AQP5 in response to cevimeline. Under control conditions, the majority of AQP5 localized in the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction and floated to the light-density fraction on discontinuous density gradients. After 10-min incubation of parotid tissue slices with cevimeline or A-23187, AQP5 levels decreased in the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction and increased in the Triton X-100-soluble fraction. Thus AQP5 localizes in the intracellular lipid rafts, and M₃ mAChR activation induces AQP5 trafficking to the APM with lipid rafts via intracellular Ca²⁺ signaling and induces AQP5 dissociation from lipid rafts to nonrafts on the APM in the interlobular duct cells of rat parotid glands. translocation; aquaporin-5     

Systematic screening and identification of antigens recognized by monoclonal antibodies raised against the developing lateral olfactory tract

During development, olfactory bulb axons navigate a complex microenvironment composed of myriad molecules to construct a bundle called the lateral olfactory tract. The axons themselves also express thousands of different molecules. In the present study, we produced and characterized six monoclonal antibodies that label the lateral olfactory tract and its surroundings in a unique pattern. The labeling profiles suggested that the antigen molecules recognized by each antibody are heterogeneously distributed around the developing lateral olfactory tract. We developed an efficient screening method to identify the antigen molecules by combining expression of a cDNA library in COS-7 cells and the subsequent immunohistochemical staining of the cells. The systematic screening successfully identified specific cDNA clones for all of the monoclonal antibodies, which highly probably coded for the antigen molecules, and therefore unveiled the molecular nature of local components that embrace the developing lateral olfactory tract in mice.     

Frequent retention of heterozygosity for point mutations in p53 and Ikaros in N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mouse thymic lymphomas

In agreement with Knudson's two-hit theory, recent findings indicate that the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes is not only mediated by the loss of function but also by the dominant-negative or gain-of-function activity. The former generally accompanies loss of a wild-type allele whereas in the latter a wild-type allele is retained. N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), which efficiently induces point mutations, reportedly leads to the development of tumors by activating ras oncogenes. Little is known about how ENU affects tumor suppressor genes and, therefore, we examined ENU-induced mutations of p53 and Ikaros in thymic lymphomas and compared these with mutations of Kras. In addition, loss of heterozygosity was examined for chromosome 11 to which both p53 and Ikaros were mapped. The frequency of point mutations in p53 and Ikaros was 30% (8/27) and 19% (5/27), respectively, comparable to that observed in Kras (33%: 9/27). In total, 14 of the 27 thymic lymphomas examined (52%) harbored mutations in at least one of these genes. One Ikaros mutation was located at the splice donor site, generating a novel splice isoform lacking zinc finger 3, Ik (F3del). Interestingly, 90% (10/11) of the tumors with point mutations retained wild-type alleles of p53 and Ikaros. Sequence analysis revealed that the most common nucleic acid substitutions were T>A (4/8) in p53, T>C (4/5) in Ikaros and G>A/T (8/9) in Kras, suggesting that the spectrum of mutations was gene dependent. These results suggest that point mutations in tumor suppressor genes without loss of the wild-type allele play an important role in ENU-induced lymphomagenesis.