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991.
Jungo Kato Yoshiki Takai Mariko Kato Hayashi Yasuhiro Kato Manami Tanaka Yoshiro Sohma Yoichiro Abe Masato Yasui 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2014
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a water channel protein that is predominantly expressed in astrocytes in the CNS. The rapid water flux through AQP4 may contribute to electrolyte/water homeostasis and may support neuronal activities in the CNS. On the other hand, little is known about the expression of AQP4 in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Using AQP4−/− mice as a negative control, we demonstrated that AQP4 is also expressed in sensory ganglia, such as trigeminal ganglia and dorsal root ganglia in the PNS. Immunohistochemistry revealed that AQP4 is exclusively localized to satellite glial cells (SGCs) surrounding the cell bodies of the primary afferent sensory neurons in the sensory ganglia. Biochemical analyses revealed that the expression levels of AQP4 in sensory ganglia were considerably lower than those in astrocytes in the CNS. Consistently, behavioral analyses did not show any significant difference in terms of mechanical and cold sensitivity between wild type and AQP4−/− mice. Overall, although the pathophysiological relevance of AQP4 in somatosensory perception remains unclear, our findings provide new insight into the involvement of water homeostasis in the peripheral sensory system. 相似文献
992.
Mayumi Kanagawa Yan Liu Shinya Hanashima Akemi Ikeda Wengang Chai Yukiko Nakano Kyoko Kojima-Aikawa Ten Feizi Yoshiki Yamaguchi 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2014,289(24):16954-16965
ZG16p is a soluble mammalian lectin, the first to be described with a Jacalin-related β-prism-fold. ZG16p has been reported to bind both to glycosaminoglycans and mannose. To determine the structural basis of the multiple sugar-binding properties, we conducted glycan microarray analyses of human ZG16p. We observed that ZG16p preferentially binds to α-mannose-terminating short glycans such as Ser/Thr-linked O-mannose, but not to high mannose-type N-glycans. Among sulfated glycosaminoglycan oligomers examined, chondroitin sulfate B and heparin oligosaccharides showed significant binding. Crystallographic studies of human ZG16p lectin in the presence of selected ligands revealed the mechanism of multiple sugar recognition. Manα1–3Man and Glcβ1–3Glc bound in different orientations: the nonreducing end of the former and the reducing end of the latter fitted in the canonical shallow mannose binding pocket. Solution NMR analysis using 15N-labeled ZG16p defined the heparin-binding region, which is on an adjacent flat surface of the protein. On-array competitive binding assays suggest that it is possible for ZG16p to bind simultaneously to both types of ligands. Recognition of a broad spectrum of ligands by ZG16p may account for the multiple functions of this lectin in the formation of zymogen granules via glycosaminoglycan binding, and in the recognition of pathogens in the digestive system through α-mannose-related recognition. 相似文献
993.
Ayako Kurimoto Shinobu Kitazume Yasuhiko Kizuka Kazuki Nakajima Ritsuko Oka Reiko Fujinawa Hiroaki Korekane Yoshiki Yamaguchi Yoshinao Wada Naoyuki Taniguchi 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2014,289(17):11704-11714
Glycans play key roles in a variety of protein functions under normal and pathological conditions, but several glycosyltransferase-deficient mice exhibit no or only mild phenotypes due to redundancy or compensation of glycan functions. However, we have only a limited understanding of the underlying mechanism for these observations. Our previous studies indicated that 70% of Fut8-deficient (Fut8−/−) mice that lack core fucose structure die within 3 days after birth, but the remainder survive for up to several weeks although they show growth retardation as well as emphysema. In this study, we show that, in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from Fut8−/− mice, another N-glycan branching structure, bisecting GlcNAc, is specifically up-regulated by enhanced gene expression of the responsible enzyme N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III). As candidate target glycoproteins for bisecting GlcNAc modification, we confirmed that level of bisecting GlcNAc on β1-integrin and N-cadherin was increased in Fut8−/− MEFs. Moreover using mass spectrometry, glycan analysis of IgG1 in Fut8−/− mouse serum demonstrated that bisecting GlcNAc contents were also increased by Fut8 deficiency in vivo. As an underlying mechanism, we found that in Fut8−/− MEFs Wnt/β-catenin signaling is up-regulated, and an inhibitor against Wnt signaling was found to abrogate GnT-III expression, indicating that Wnt/β-catenin is involved in GnT-III up-regulation. Furthermore, various oxidative stress-related genes were also increased in Fut8−/− MEFs. These data suggest that Fut8−/− mice adapted to oxidative stress, both ex vivo and in vivo, by inducing various genes including GnT-III, which may compensate for the loss of core fucose functions. 相似文献
994.
995.
996.
NMR study of short β(1-3)-glucans provides insights into the structure and interaction with Dectin-1
Shinya Hanashima Akemi Ikeda Hiroshi Tanaka Yoshiyuki Adachi Naohito Ohno Takashi Takahashi Yoshiki Yamaguchi 《Glycoconjugate journal》2014,31(3):199-207
β(1-3)-Glucans, abundant in fungi, have the potential to activate the innate immune response against various pathogens. Although part of the action is exerted through the C-type lectin-like receptor Dectin-1, details of the interaction mechanism with respect to glucan chain-length remain unclear. In this study, we investigated a set of short β(1-3)-glucans with varying degree of polymerization (DP); 3, 6, 7, 16, and laminarin (average DP; 25), analyzing the relationship between the structure and interaction with the C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) of Dectin-1. The interaction of short β(1-3)-glucans (DP6, DP16, and laminarin) with the CTLD of Dectin-1 was systematically analyzed by 1H-NMR titration as well as by saturation transfer difference (STD)-NMR. The domain interacted weakly with DP6, moderately with DP16 and strongly with laminarin, the latter plausibly forming oligomeric protein-laminarin complexes. To obtain structural insights of short β(1-3)-glucans, the exchange rates of hydroxy protons were analyzed by deuterium induced 13C-NMR isotope shifts. The hydroxy proton at C4 of laminarin has slower exchange with the solvent than those of DP7 and DP16, suggesting that laminarin has a secondary structure. Diffusion ordered spectroscopy revealed that none of the short β(1-3)-glucans including laminarin forms a double or triple helix in water. Insights into the interaction of the short β(1-3)-glucans with Dectin-1 CTLD provide a basis to understand the molecular mechanisms of β-glucan recognition and cellular activation by Dectin-1. 相似文献
997.
Yuko Ogawa Atsushi Ohnishi Yoshikuni Goto Yoshiki Sakuma Jobu Watanabe Akira Hattori Masafumi Tsujimoto 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/General Subjects》2014
Background
Aminopeptidase B (EC 3.4.11.6, APB) preferentially hydrolyzes N-terminal basic amino acids of synthetic and peptide substrates. APB is involved in the production and maturation of peptide hormones and neurotransmitters such as miniglucagon, cholecystokinin and enkephalin by cleaving N-terminal basic amino acids in extended precursor proteins. Therefore, the specificity for basic amino acids is crucial for the biological function of APB.Methods
Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modeling of the S1 site were used to identify amino acid residues of the human APB responsible for the basic amino acid preference and enzymatic efficiency.Results
Substitution of Gln169 with Asn caused a significant decrease in hydrolytic activity toward the fluorescent substrate Lys-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide (MCA). Substantial retardation of enzyme activity was observed toward Arg-MCA and substitution with Glu caused complete loss of enzymatic activity of APB. Substitution with Asn led to an increase in IC50 values of inhibitors that interact with the catalytic pocket of APB. The EC50 value of chloride ion binding was also found to increase with the Asn mutant. Gln169 was required for maximal cleavage of the peptide substrates. Molecular modeling suggested that interaction of Gln169 with the N-terminal Arg residue of the substrate could be bridged by a chloride anion.Conclusion
Gln169 is crucial for obtaining optimal enzymatic activity and the unique basic amino acid preference of APB via maintaining the appropriate catalytic pocket structure and thus for its function as a processing enzyme of peptide hormones and neurotransmitters. 相似文献998.
Hiroshi Yamaguchi Jakub ?ebera Jiro Kondo Shuji Oda Tomoyuki Komuro Takuya Kawamura Takenori Dairaku Yoshinori Kondo Itaru Okamoto Akira Ono Jaroslav V. Burda Chojiro Kojima Vladimír Sychrovsky Yoshiyuki Tanaka 《Nucleic acids research》2014,42(6):4094-4099
We have determined the three-dimensional (3D) structure of DNA duplex that includes tandem HgII-mediated T–T base pairs (thymine–HgII–thymine, T–HgII–T) with NMR spectroscopy in solution. This is the first 3D structure of metallo-DNA (covalently metallated DNA) composed exclusively of ‘NATURAL’ bases. The T–HgII–T base pairs whose chemical structure was determined with the 15N NMR spectroscopy were well accommodated in a B-form double helix, mimicking normal Watson–Crick base pairs. The Hg atoms aligned along DNA helical axis were shielded from the bulk water. The complete dehydration of Hg atoms inside DNA explained the positive reaction entropy (ΔS) for the T–HgII–T base pair formation. The positive ΔS value arises owing to the HgII dehydration, which was approved with the 3D structure. The 3D structure explained extraordinary affinity of thymine towards HgII and revealed arrangement of T–HgII–T base pairs in metallo-DNA. 相似文献
999.
Toshinori Chiba Shushi Nagamori Akiyoshi Nakayama Yusuke Kawamura Seiko Shimizu 《Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids》2014,33(4-6):261-265
Hypouricemia is characterized by low serum uric acid (SUA) levels (≤3.0 mg/dL) with complications such as urolithiasis and exercise-induced acute renal failure. We have previously reported that urate transporter 1 (URAT1/SLC22A12) and glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9/SLC2A9) are causative genes for renal hypouricemia type 1 (RHUC1) and renal hypouricemia type 2 (RHUC2), respectively. In the series of experiments, two families have been revealed to have RHUC2 due to GLUT9 missense mutations R198C or R380W, respectively. Thus far, however, no studies have reported other RHUC2 families or patients with these pathogenic mutations. This study is aimed to find other cases of RHUC2.We performed mutational analyses of GLUT9 exon 6 (for R198C) and exon 10 (for R380W) in 50 Japanese hypouricemia patients. Patients were analyzed out of a collection of more than 2000 samples from the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort Study (J-MICC Study).We identified a novel male patient with heterogeneous RHUC2 mutation R380W. The SUA of this hypouricemia patient was 2.6 mg/dL, which is similar to that of our previous report (SUA: 2.7 mg/dL).This is the second report indicating RHUC2 patient due to GLUT9 mutation R380W. This mutation occurs in highly conserved amino acid motifs and is reported to be an important membrane topology determinant. R380W is a dysfunctional mutation which completely diminishes the urate transport activities of GLUT9. Our study revealed a second hypouricemia patient with GLUT9 R380W, a pathogenic mutation of RHUC2, which may help to expand our understanding of RHUC pathogenesis. 相似文献
1000.
Takafumi Katsumura Shoji Oda Shigeki Nakagome Tsunehiko Hanihara Hiroshi Kataoka Hiroshi Mitani Shoji Kawamura Hiroki Oota 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2014,281(1797)
Sexual dimorphisms, which are phenotypic differences between males and females, are driven by sexual selection. Interestingly, sexually selected traits show geographical variations within species despite strong directional selective pressures. This paradox has eluded many evolutionary biologists for some time, and several models have been proposed (e.g. ‘indicator model’ and ‘trade-off model’). However, disentangling which of these theories explains empirical patterns remains difficult, because genetic polymorphisms that cause variation in sexual differences are still unknown. In this study, we show that polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1, which encodes a xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme, are associated with geographical differences in sexual dimorphism in the anal fin morphology of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). Biochemical assays and genetic cross experiments show that high- and low-activity CYP1B1 alleles enhanced and declined sex differences in anal fin shapes, respectively. Behavioural and phylogenetic analyses suggest maintenance of the high-activity allele by sexual selection, whereas the low-activity allele possibly has experienced positive selection due to by-product effects of CYP1B1 in inferred ancestral populations. The present data can elucidate evolutionary mechanisms behind genetic variations in sexual dimorphism and indicate trade-off interactions between two distinct mechanisms acting on the two alleles with pleiotropic effects of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. 相似文献