Moisture Sorption Isotherms of Various Tobaccos

The equilibrium moisture contents of sun-cured (Kroumougrad), flue-cured (Bright Yellow—4) and air-cured (Burley-21 and Matsukawa) tobaccos were measured over a relative humidity range from 5 to 80% at 20°C. The moisture sorption isotherms of tobaccos were of sigmoid type, and classified into two groups. In a lower humidity range below ca. 40% RH, the A group (Kroumougrad and BY-4) had a smaller moisture sorption capacity than B group (Burley-21 and Matsukawa), while in a higher humidity range above ca. 50% RH the former had a larger moisture sorption capacity than the latter. By extracting with water, the moisture content of BY-4 was increased in the lower humidity range, while it decreased in the higher humidity range. However, the moisture content of Matsukawa was scarecely changed by extracting it with water. These results suggest that the differences in equilibrium moisture content with the type of curing were due to the differences in contents of water soluble com- ponents. To control the hygroscopic properties of a tobacco, therefore, the influences of the addition of sucrose and glycerol on the equilibrium moisture content were quantitatively analysed. The moisture sorption capacity of tobacco was greatly different from its nitrogen sorption capacity. The specific surface area of tobacco calculated from moisture sorption isotherm was ca. 110 times larger than the specific surface area calculated from the nitrogen sorption isotherm. Both the nitrogen and moisture sorption data should be necessary for better understanding of the complicated sorption-desorption phenomena in tobaccos.     

Late-maturing cooking rice Sensyuraku has excellent properties,equivalent to sake rice,for high-quality sake brewing

Low protein content and sufficient grain rigidity are desired properties for the rice used in high-quality sake brewing such as Daiginjo-shu (polishing ratio of the rice, less than 50%). Two kinds of rice, sake rice (SR) and cooking rice (CR), have been used for sake brewing. Compared with those of SR, analyses of CR for high-quality sake brewing using highly polished rice have been limited. Here we described the original screening of late-maturing CR Sensyuraku (SEN) as rice with low protein content and characterization of its properties for high-quality sake brewing. The protein content of SEN was lower than those of SR Gohyakumangoku (GOM) and CR Yukinosei (YUK), and its grain rigidity was higher than that of GOM. The excellent properties of SEN with respect to both water-adsorption and enzyme digestibility were confirmed using a Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA). Further, we confirmed a clear taste of sake produced from SEN by sensory evaluation. Thus, SEN has excellent properties, equivalent to those of SR, for high-quality sake brewing.     

GSE Is a Maternal Factor Involved in Active DNA Demethylation in Zygotes

After fertilization, the sperm and oocyte genomes undergo extensive epigenetic reprogramming to form a totipotent zygote. The dynamic epigenetic changes during early embryo development primarily involve DNA methylation and demethylation. We have previously identified Gse (gonad-specific expression gene) to be expressed specifically in germ cells and early embryos. Its encoded protein GSE is predominantly localized in the nuclei of cells from the zygote to blastocyst stages, suggesting possible roles in the epigenetic changes occurring during early embryo development. Here, we report the involvement of GSE in epigenetic reprogramming of the paternal genome during mouse zygote development. Preferential binding of GSE to the paternal chromatin was observed from pronuclear stage 2 (PN2) onward. A knockdown of GSE by antisense RNA in oocytes produced no apparent effect on the first and second cell cycles in preimplantation embryos, but caused a significant reduction in the loss of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and the accumulation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in the paternal pronucleus. Furthermore, DNA methylation levels in CpG sites of LINE1 transposable elements, Lemd1, Nanog and the upstream regulatory region of the Oct4 (also known as Pou5f1) gene were clearly increased in GSE-knockdown zygotes at mid-pronuclear stages (PN3-4), but the imprinted H19-differential methylated region was not affected. Importantly, DNA immunoprecipitation of 5mC and 5hmC also indicates that knockdown of GSE in zygotes resulted in a significant reduction of the conversion of 5mC to 5hmC on LINE1. Therefore, our results suggest an important role of maternal GSE for mediating active DNA demethylation in the zygote.     

A high-density linkage map with 2560 markers and its application for the localization of the male-sterile genes <Emphasis Type="Italic">ms3</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">ms4</Emphasis> in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis> D. Don

Cryptomeria japonica pollinosis is one of the most serious allergic diseases in Japan; this is a social problem because C. japonica is the most important Japanese forestry species. In order to reduce the amount of pollen dispersed, breeding programs using trees with male-sterile genes have been implemented. High-density linkage maps with stable ordering of markers facilitate the localization of male-sterile genes and the construction of partial linkage maps around them in order to develop markers for use in marker-assisted selection. In this study, a high-density linkage map for C. japonica with 2560 markers was constructed. The observed map length was 1266.2 cM and the mean distance between adjacent markers was 0.49 cM. Using information from this high-density map, we newly located two male-sterile genes (ms3 and ms4) on the first and fourth linkage groups, respectively, and constructed partial linkage maps around these loci. We also constructed new partial linkage maps around the ms1 and ms2 loci using additional SNP markers. The closest markers to the ms1, ms2, ms3, and ms4 male-sterile loci were estSNP04188 (1.8 cM), estSNP00695 (7.0 cM), gSNP05415 (3.1 cM), and estSNP01408 (7.0 cM) respectively. These results allowed us to develop SNP markers tightly linked to the male sterile genes for use in MAS; this will accelerate the future isolation of these genes by map-based cloning approaches.     

Dnajb8, a Member of the Heat Shock Protein 40 Family Has a Role in the Tumor Initiation and Resistance to Docetaxel but Is Dispensable for Stress Response

Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs)/cancer-initiating cells (CICs) are defined by their abilities of tumor initiation, self-renewal and differentiation. In a previous study, we showed by gene knockdown using siRNA and gene overexpression experiments that Dnaj (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily B, member 8 (DNAJB8), a role in the maintenance, of renal cell carcinoma CSCs/CICs. In the present study, we established Dnajb8 knockout (KO) renal cell carcinoma (RCC) line cells (RenCa cells) and analyzed the cells to confirm the function of Dnajb8 in RCC CSCs/CICs. Dnajb8 KO cells showed reduced ratios of side population cells and reduced sphere forming ability. An in vivo single cell tumor initiation assay revealed that the numbers of CSCs/CICs were 3 in 4 wild-type RenCa cells and 1 in 4 Dnajb8 KO cells. Dnajb8 KO cells showed sensitivity to Docetaxel. On the other hand, Dnajb8 KO cells did not show any sensitivities to stresses including low pH, low glucose, heat shock and sensitivity to cisplatin. The results indicate that Dnajb8 has a role in tumor initiation, side population ratio and sphere formation but it is dispensable for stress responses.     

miR-146a Polymorphism (rs2910164) Predicts Colorectal Cancer Patients’ Susceptibility to Liver Metastasis

miR-146a plays important roles in cancer as it directly targets NUMB, an inhibitor of Notch signaling. miR-146a is reportedly regulated by a G>C polymorphism (SNP; rs2910164). This polymorphism affects various cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the clinical significance of miR-146a polymorphism in CRC remains unclear. A total of 59 patients with CRC were divided into 2 groups: a CC/CG genotype (n = 32) and a GG genotype (n = 27), based on the miR-146a polymorphism. cDNA microarray analysis was performed using 59 clinical samples. Significantly enriched gene sets in each genotype were extracted using GSEA. We also investigated the association between miR-146a polymorphism and miR-146a, NUMB expression or migratory response in CRC cell lines. The CC/CG genotype was associated with significantly more synchronous liver metastasis (p = 0.007). A heat map of the two genotypes showed that the expression profiles were clearly stratified. GSEA indicated that Notch signaling and JAK/STAT3 signaling were significantly associated with the CC/CG genotype (p = 0.004 and p = 0.023, respectively). CRC cell lines with the pre-miR-146a/C revealed significantly higher miR-146a expression (p = 0.034) and higher NUMB expression and chemotactic activity. In CRC, miR-146a polymorphism is involved in liver metastasis. Identification of this polymorphism could be useful to identify patients with a high risk of liver metastasis in CRC.     

Flesh‐eating Streptococcus pyogenes triggers the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand

Human CD46 is a receptor for the M protein of group A streptococcus (GAS). The emm1 GAS strain GAS472 was isolated from a patient suffering from streptococcal toxic shock‐like syndrome. Human CD46‐expressing transgenic (Tg) mice developed necrotizing fasciitis associated with osteoclast‐mediated progressive and severe bone destruction in the hind paws 3 days after subcutaneous infection with 5 × 10⁵ colony‐forming units of GAS472. GAS472 infection induced expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) while concomitantly reducing osteoprotegerin expression in the hind limb bones of CD46 Tg mice. Micro‐computed tomography analysis of the bones suggested that GAS472 infection induced local bone erosion and systemic bone loss in CD46 Tg mice. Because treatment with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against mouse CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes did not inhibit osteoclastogenesis, T lymphocyte‐derived RANKL was not considered a major contributor to massive bone loss during GAS472 infection. However, immunohistochemical analysis of the hind limb bones showed that GAS472 infection stimulated RANKL production in various bone marrow cells, including fibroblast‐like cells. Treatment with a mAb against mouse RANKL significantly inhibited osteoclast formation and bone resorption. These data suggest that increased expression of RANKL in heterogeneous bone marrow cells provoked bone destruction during GAS infection.