GB virus C infection in Indonesian HIV‐positive patients

GB virus C (GBV‐C), a human virus of the Flaviviridae family that is structurally and epidemiologically closest to hepatitis C virus (HCV), has been reported to confer beneficial outcomes in HIV‐positive patients. However, the prevalence of GBV‐C in HIV‐positive individuals in Indonesia is unknown. Since GBV‐C is more prevalent in anti‐HCV positive patients than in anti‐HCV negative subjects, transmission of GBV‐C and HCV could be by the same method. This study examined the prevalence and molecular characteristics of GBV‐C infection in HIV patients in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The prevalence of GBV‐C among HIV patients (n = 125, median age 31 years) based on the 5′UTR region was 111/125 (88.8%), including 39/48 (81.3%) and 72/77 (93.5%) HIV‐infected patients with and without HCV infection, respectively. GBV‐C isolates were of genotype 2a, 3 and 6 in 58.3%, 12.6% and 28.4% of patients, respectively. Patients with genotype 3 were significantly younger than those with genotypes 2a or 6 (P = 0.001 and P = 0.012, respectively). Genotypes 3 and 6 were significantly associated with injection drug use (P = 0.004 and P = 0.002, respectively) and HCV co‐infection (P < 0.001 for both genotypes), indicating a shared transmission route with HCV. In conclusion, the prevalence of GBV‐C among HIV‐positive patients in Indonesia is high, and three genotypes were detected, namely genotype 2a, 3 and 6.     

Attachment strength of an adhesive nuisance mussel,limnoperna fortunei,against water flow

The attachment strength of the freshwater mussel Limnoperna fortunei against water flow was studied. Newton's expression successfully described the hydrodynamic drag force acting on the mussel with a drag coefficient value of 1.03. The drag‐resistant force (defined as hydrodynamic drag force at mussel detachment) was smaller than the detachment force measured using a tensile load test. A fairly good correlation was obtained between the drag‐resistant force and the number of secreted threads. The drag‐resistant force divided by the number of threads increased with shell size, suggesting that byssal thread strength increased with mussel growth. For the mussel specimens obtained from a water transmission pipe, thread width increased with shell size. However, thread width was not dependent on current velocity. There was no correlation between the number of secreted threads and shell length, which indicated that the number of secreted threads did not change with mussel size. Therefore, the water velocity needed to detach mussels increases with shell size of the mussel when the number of secreted threads is constant. The increases in the water velocity to detach mussels with larger shells suggests that the mussel becomes more resistant to water flow as it grows. It is estimated that a flow velocity of around lms^‐1 is critical for attachment/detachment of a juvenile mussel with a shell length of a few millimeters and one hundred byssal threads.     

Studies on fouling by the freshwater mussel limnoperna fortunei and the antifouling effects of low energy surfaces

Attachment of the freshwater mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, was tested using non‐treated surfaces, viz. glass, nylon, rubber, silicone and Teflon, together with glass surfaces modified with nine kinds of silane coupling agents. Among the surfaces tested, the mussel avoided attaching to Teflon, silicone, and glass modified with 3‐bromopropyltrimethoxysilane or 3,3,3‐(trifluo‐ropropyl)‐trimethoxysilane. With respect to the relationship between the percentage attachment and the surface free energy (sfe) of the substrates, it was found that attachment was considerably reduced on the substrates which exhibited relatively low sfe, as above. The mean number of secreted byssuses per attaching mussel also decreased with decreasing substrate sfe. Furthermore, when the sfe was divided into the dispersion and polar components, the percentage mussel attachment was related to the polar component. These results suggest that effective antifouling towards L. fortunei is achieved on substrates with a low sfe polar component.     

TG1 integrase-based system for site-specific gene integration into bacterial genomes

Serine-type phage integrases catalyze unidirectional site-specific recombination between the attachment sites, attP and attB, in the phage and host bacterial genomes, respectively; these integrases and DNA target sites function efficiently when transferred into heterologous cells. We previously developed an in vivo site-specific genomic integration system based on actinophage TG1 integrase that introduces ～2-kbp DNA into an att site inserted into a heterologous Escherichia coli genome. Here, we analyzed the TG1 integrase-mediated integrations of att site-containing ～10-kbp DNA into the corresponding att site pre-inserted into various genomic locations; moreover, we developed a system that introduces ～10-kbp DNA into the genome with an efficiency of ～10⁴ transformants/μg DNA. Integrations of attB-containing DNA into an attP-containing genome were more efficient than integrations of attP-containing DNA into an attB-containing genome, and integrations targeting attP inserted near the replication origin, oriC, and the E. coli “centromere” analogue, migS, were more efficient than those targeting attP within other regions of the genome. Because the genomic region proximal to the oriC and migS sites is located at the extreme poles of the cell during chromosomal segregation, the oriC–migS region may be more exposed to the cytosol than are other regions of the E. coli chromosome. Thus, accessibility of pre-inserted attP to attB-containing incoming DNA may be crucial for the integration efficiency by serine-type integrases in heterologous cells. These results may be beneficial to the development of serine-type integrases-based genomic integration systems for various bacterial species.     

Cysteine 295 indirectly affects Ni coordination of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase-II C-cluster

A unique [Ni–Fe–S] cluster (C-cluster) constitutes the active center of Ni-containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (CODHs). His²⁶¹, which coordinates one of the Fe atoms with Cys²⁹⁵, is suggested to be the only residue required for Ni coordination in the C-cluster. To evaluate the role of Cys²⁹⁵, we constructed CODH-II variants. Ala substitution for the Cys²⁹⁵ substitution resulted in the decrease of Ni content and didn’t result in major change of Fe content. In addition, the substitution had no effect on the ability to assemble a full complement of [Fe–S] clusters. This strongly suggests Cys²⁹⁵ indirectly and His²⁶¹ together affect Ni-coordination in the C-cluster.     

Mutations in SERPINB7, Encoding a Member of the Serine Protease Inhibitor Superfamily,Cause Nagashima-type Palmoplantar Keratosis

“Nagashima-type” palmoplantar keratosis (NPPK) is an autosomal recessive nonsyndromic diffuse palmoplantar keratosis characterized by well-demarcated diffuse hyperkeratosis with redness, expanding on to the dorsal surfaces of the palms and feet and the Achilles tendon area. Hyperkeratosis in NPPK is mild and nonprogressive, differentiating NPPK clinically from Mal de Meleda. We performed whole-exome and/or Sanger sequencing analyses of 13 unrelated NPPK individuals and identified biallelic putative loss-of-function mutations in SERPINB7, which encodes a cytoplasmic member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily. We identified a major causative mutation of c.796C>T (p.Arg266^∗) as a founder mutation in Japanese and Chinese populations. SERPINB7 was specifically present in the cytoplasm of the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum (SC) of the epidermis. All of the identified mutants are predicted to cause premature termination upstream of the reactive site, which inhibits the proteases, suggesting a complete loss of the protease inhibitory activity of SERPINB7 in NPPK skin. On exposure of NPPK lesional skin to water, we observed a whitish spongy change in the SC, suggesting enhanced water permeation into the SC due to overactivation of proteases and a resultant loss of integrity of the SC structure. These findings provide an important framework for developing pathogenesis-based therapies for NPPK.     

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid has an anti-oxidant effect via the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Oxidative stress is produced in adipose tissue of obese subjects and has been associated with obesity-related disorders. Recent studies have shown that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω3-PUFA) has beneficial effects in preventing atherosclerotic diseases and insulin resistance in adipose tissue. However, the role of ω3-PUFA on adipocytes has not been elucidated. In this study, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with ω3-PUFA and its metabolites, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), or 4-hydroxy hexenal (4-HHE). ω3-PUFA and its metabolites dose-dependently increased mRNA and protein levels of the anti-oxidative enzyme, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1); whereas no changes in the well-known anti-oxidant molecules, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, were observed. Knockdown of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) significantly reduced EPA, DHA or 4-HHE-induced HO-1 mRNA and protein expression. Also, pretreatment with ω3-PUFA prevented H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity in a HO-1 dependent manner. In conclusion, treatment with EPA and DHA induced HO-1 through the activation of Nrf-2 and prevented oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This anti-oxidant defense may be of high therapeutic value for clinical conditions associated with systemic oxidative stress.     

Nuclear and chloroplast DNA phylogeography reveals Pleistocene divergence and subsequent secondary contact of two genetic lineages of the tropical rainforest tree species Shorea leprosula (Dipterocarpaceae) in South‐East Asia

Tropical rainforests in South‐East Asia have been affected by climatic fluctuations during past glacial eras. To examine how the accompanying changes in land areas and temperature have affected the genetic properties of rainforest trees in the region, we investigated the phylogeographic patterns of a widespread dipterocarp species, Shorea leprosula. Two types of DNA markers were used: expressed sequence tag‐based simple sequence repeats and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequence variations. Both sets of markers revealed clear genetic differentiation between populations in Borneo and those in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra (Malay/Sumatra). However, in the south‐western part of Borneo, genetic admixture of the lineages was observed in the two marker types. Coalescent simulation based on cpDNA sequence variation suggested that the two lineages arose 0.28–0.09 million years before present and that following their divergence migration from Malay/Sumatra to Borneo strongly exceeded migration in the opposite direction. We conclude that the genetic structure of S. leprosula was largely formed during the middle Pleistocene and was subsequently modified by eastward migration across the subaerially exposed Sunda Shelf.     

Phase Changes in Amylose–Butanol Complex Solution

The phase change for an amylose–butanol complex solution in 10% of dimethylsulfoxide was investigated as a function of temperature. The phase change was determined with measurements of the turbidity, fluorescent depolarization, and viscosity. The phase diagram obtained was qualitatively similar to that for an amylose solution. From the result, the change in solution phase for the amylose–butanol complex is suggested to be similar to that for amylose, i.e., when the solution cools from a higher temperature, amylose molecules in the complex solution change the conformation from a random coil to an interrupted helix, and then separate into two phases. Coacervate particles resulting from the phase separation coalesce with each other to yield precipitates.

An adsorption of uranine on amylose was studied to ascertain its relationship with the fluorescent depolarization method used for detecting phase changes in solution. The result showed that uranine was adsorbed on amylose chains but not on the amylose–butanol complex.     

Release,Regeneration and Mutant Induction of Pleurotus cornucopiae (‘Tamogitake’) Protoplasts

Both enantiomers of aliphatic and aromatic cyanohydrins were hydrolyzed with the aid of Rhodococcus butanica ATCC 21197 to afford optically active α-hydroxy acids. The usefulness of this reaction is demonstrated by the synthesis of optically pure (R)-4-dodecanolide, a defensive secretion of rove beetles, starting from (R)-2-hydroxydecanenitrile.