Distribution of Streptococcus troglodytae and Streptococcus dentirousetti in chimpanzee oral cavities

The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution and phenotypic properties of the indigenous streptococci in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) oral cavities. Eleven chimpanzees (aged from 9 to 44 years, mean ± SD, 26.9 ± 12.6 years) in the Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University were enrolled in this research and brushing bacterial samples collected from them. Streptococci were isolated from the oral cavities of all chimpanzees. The isolates (n = 46) were identified as thirteen species by 16S rRNA genes analysis. The predominant species was Streptococcus sanguinis of mitis streptococci from five chimpanzees (45%). Mutans streptococci were isolated from six chimpanzees (55%). The predominant species in the mutans streptococci were Streptococcus troglodytae from four chimpanzees (36%), this species having been proposed as a novel species by us, and Streptococcus dentirousetti from three chimpanzees (27%). Streptococcus mutans was isolated from one chimpanzee (9%). However, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus macacae and Streptococcus downei, which are indigenous to human and monkey (Macaca fasciclaris) oral habitats, were not isolated. Of the mutans streptococci, S. troglodytae, S. dentirousetti, and S. mutans possessed strong adherence activity to glass surface.     

Emergence of gp120 V3 Variants Confers Neutralization Resistance in an R5 Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaque Elite Neutralizer That Targets the N332 Glycan of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein

Neutralization-resistant simian-human immunodeficiency virus AD8 (SHIV_AD8) variants that emerged in an infected macaque elite neutralizer targeting the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 N332 glycan acquired substitutions of critical amino acids in the V3 region rather than losing the N332 glycosylation site. One of these resistant variants, carrying the full complement of gp120 V3 changes, was also resistant to the potent anti-HIV-1 monoclonal neutralizing antibodies PGT121 and 10-1074, both of which are also dependent on the presence of the gp120 N332 glycan.     

Macrophage lipoprotein lipase modulates the development of atherosclerosis but not adiposity

The role of macrophage lipoprotein lipase (LpL) in the development of atherosclerosis and adiposity was examined in macrophage LpL knockout (MLpLKO) mice. MLpLKO mice were generated using cre-loxP gene targeting. Loss of LpL in macrophages did not alter plasma LpL activity or lipoprotein levels. Incubation of apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient β-VLDL with peritoneal macrophages from ApoE knockout mice lacking macrophage LpL (MLpLKO/ApoEKO) led to less cholesteryl ester formation than that found with ApoEKO macrophages. MLpLKO/ApoEKO macrophages had reduced intracellular triglyceride levels, with decreased CD36 and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 mRNA levels compared with ApoEKO macrophages, when incubated with VLDL. Although both MLpLKO/ApoEKO and ApoEKO mice developed comparable hypercholesterolemia in response to feeding with a Western-type diet for 12 weeks, atherosclerosis was less in MLpLKO/ApoEKO mice. Epididymal fat mass and gene expression levels associated with inflammation did not differ between the two groups. In conclusion, macrophage LpL plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis but not adiposity.     

Caveolin-1 Facilitates the Direct Coupling between Large Conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) and Cav1.2 Ca2+ Channels and Their Clustering to Regulate Membrane Excitability in Vascular Myocytes

L-type voltage-dependent Ca²⁺ channels (LVDCC) and large conductance Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channels (BK_Ca) are the major factors defining membrane excitability in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The Ca²⁺ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptor significantly contributes to BK_Ca activation in VSMCs. In this study direct coupling between LVDCC (Cav1.2) and BK_Ca and the role of caveoline-1 on their interaction in mouse mesenteric artery SMCs were examined. The direct activation of BK_Ca by Ca²⁺ influx through coupling LVDCC was demonstrated by patch clamp recordings in freshly isolated VSMCs. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, it was found that a large part of yellow fluorescent protein-tagged BK_Ca co-localized with the cyan fluorescent protein-tagged Cav1.2 expressed in the plasma membrane of primary cultured mouse VSMCs and that the two molecules often exhibited FRET. It is notable that each BKα subunit of a tetramer in BK_Ca can directly interact with Cav1.2 and promotes Cav1.2 cluster in the molecular complex. Furthermore, caveolin-1 deficiency in knock-out (KO) mice significantly reduced not only the direct coupling between BK_Ca and Cav1.2 but also the functional coupling between BK_Ca and ryanodine receptor in VSMCs. The measurement of single cell shortening by 40 mm K⁺ revealed enhanced contractility in VSMCs from KO mice than wild type. Taken together, caveolin-1 facilitates the accumulation/clustering of BK_Ca-LVDCC complex in caveolae, which effectively regulates spatiotemporal Ca²⁺ dynamics including the negative feedback, to control the arterial excitability and contractility.     

Inhibition of the First Step in Synthesis of the Mycobacterial Cell Wall Core,Catalyzed by the GlcNAc-1-phosphate Transferase WecA,by the Novel Caprazamycin Derivative CPZEN-45

Because tuberculosis is one of the most prevalent and serious infections, countermeasures against it are urgently required. We isolated the antitubercular agents caprazamycins from the culture of an actinomycete strain and created CPZEN-45 as the most promising derivative of the caprazamycins. Herein, we describe the mode of action of CPZEN-45 first against Bacillus subtilis. Unlike the caprazamycins, CPZEN-45 strongly inhibited incorporation of radiolabeled glycerol into growing cultures and showed antibacterial activity against caprazamycin-resistant strains, including a strain overexpressing translocase-I (MraY, involved in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan), the target of the caprazamycins. By contrast, CPZEN-45 was not effective against a strain overexpressing undecaprenyl-phosphate–GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase (TagO, involved in the biosynthesis of teichoic acid), and a mutation was found in the tagO gene of the spontaneous CPZEN-45-resistant strain. This suggested that the primary target of CPZEN-45 in B. subtilis is TagO, which is a different target from that of the parent caprazamycins. This suggestion was confirmed by evaluation of the activities of these enzymes. Finally, we showed that CPZEN-45 was effective against WecA (Rv1302, also called Rfe) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the ortholog of TagO and involved in the biosynthesis of the mycolylarabinogalactan of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis. The outlook for WecA as a promising target for the development of antituberculous drugs as a countermeasure of drug resistant tuberculosis is discussed.     

GTDC2 modifies O-mannosylated α-dystroglycan in the endoplasmic reticulum to generate N-acetyl glucosamine epitopes reactive with CTD110.6 antibody

Hypoglycosylation is a common characteristic of dystroglycanopathy, which is a group of congenital muscular dystrophies. More than ten genes have been implicated in α-dystroglycanopathies that are associated with the defect in the O-mannosylation pathway. One such gene is GTDC2, which was recently reported to encode O-mannose β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. Here we show that GTDC2 generates CTD110.6 antibody-reactive N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) epitopes on the O-mannosylated α-dystroglycan (α-DG). Using the antibody, we show that mutations of GTDC2 identified in Walker–Warburg syndrome and alanine-substitution of conserved residues between GTDC2 and EGF domain O-GlcNAc transferase resulted in decreased glycosylation. Moreover, GTDC2-modified GlcNAc epitopes are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These data suggested that GTDC2 is a novel glycosyltransferase catalyzing GlcNAcylation of O-mannosylated α-DG in the ER. CTD110.6 antibody may be useful to detect a specific form of GlcNAcylated O-mannose and to analyze defective O-glycosylation in α-dystroglycanopathies.     

Chemically modified siRNAs and miRNAs bearing urea/thiourea-bridged aromatic compounds at their 3′-end for RNAi therapy

We have developed chemically modified siRNAs and miRNAs bearing urea/thiourea-bridged aromatic compounds at their 3′-end for RNAi therapy. Chemically modified RNAs possessing urea/thiourea-bridged aromatic compounds instead of naturally occurring dinucleotides at the 3′-overhang region were easily prepared in good yields and were more resistant to nucleolytic hydrolysis than unmodified RNA. siRNAs containing urea or thiourea derivatives showed the desired knockdown effect. Furthermore, modified miR-143 duplexes carrying the urea/thiourea compounds in the 3′-end of each strand were able to inhibit the growth of human bladder cancer T24 cells.