蛇毒的核磁共振氢谱研究

本文对不同产地的蝮蛇毒和眼镜蛇毒、五步蛇毒等十六个冻干样品,进行了核磁共振氢谱测试.列出了具有代表性的的氢谱图。从谱图中可看出:每种种属蛇毒均有其特征的核磁共振氢谱,此法在准分子水平上是鉴定蛇毒的一种有效而可靠的方法.     

微生物脱除煤炭中有机硫的研究

从任丘油田分离到两株异养型细菌D-1-1和D-2-1,经鉴定分别为门多隆假单胞菌(Pseudomonas mendocoas)和争论产碱生物变型Ⅰ (Alcaligenes paradoxus biovar Ⅰ)的菌株。它们可以利用二苯噻吩(Dibenzothiophene,简称DBT)作为生长的碳源,将DBT转化成为水溶性有机硫化物。两菌于15天内可以脱除煤炭中有机硫达22.2—32.0％。     

短枝木麻黄家系对青枯病的抗性评价与选择

为探讨短枝木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)对青枯病(Ralstonia solanacearum)侵染后的生理生化响应,利用其生理生化响应指标与抗病性特征的相关性开展短枝木麻黄家系的抗病评价和选择。结果表明,26个短枝木麻黄家系褐梗小枝接种青枯病后,病情指数(DI)和相对病害强度(RDI)均存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。在接种青枯病后,家系间的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、总酚(TP)和类黄酮(Flav)差异均达显著或极显著水平,说明参试家系对青枯病抗性的变异丰富,具有较大的选择潜力。短枝木麻黄家系的病情症状与6个生理生化指标间均呈显著或极显著的负相关关系,说明青枯病侵染后防御酶活性或次生代谢物含量越高,木麻黄的病害程度越低。利用2个病情特征性状和6个生理生化指标对短枝木麻黄不同家系进行综合评价和选择,按照30%的入选率初步选出201、206、198、207、202、213、208和195号等8个抗病家系。这些抗病家系的RDI和DI比总体均值分别低25.94%和28.93%,SOD、CAT...     

蛇毒的核磁共振氢谱在生物化学上的意义

每种蛇毒含有多种蛋白质组分,每种蛋白质分子有其自已的一级结构和相应的氨基酸残基的组成。因此蛇毒的氢谱是其所有组成的谱图的加和,对不同产地和种属的20多种冷冻干燥的蛇毒进行了测定,结果每种蛇毒均显示其特征的核磁共振氢谱,提示各种蛇毒的氨基酸残基组成是不同的。     

Optimized Spatial Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation in China: A Systematic Conservation Planning Perspective

By addressing several key features overlooked in previous studies, i.e. human disturbance, integration of ecosystem- and species-level conservation features, and principles of complementarity and representativeness, we present the first national-scale systematic conservation planning for China to determine the optimized spatial priorities for biodiversity conservation. We compiled a spatial database on the distributions of ecosystem- and species-level conservation features, and modeled a human disturbance index (HDI) by aggregating information using several socioeconomic proxies. We ran Marxan with two scenarios (HDI-ignored and HDI-considered) to investigate the effects of human disturbance, and explored the geographic patterns of the optimized spatial conservation priorities. Compared to when HDI was ignored, the HDI-considered scenario resulted in (1) a marked reduction (∼9%) in the total HDI score and a slight increase (∼7%) in the total area of the portfolio of priority units, (2) a significant increase (∼43%) in the total irreplaceable area and (3) more irreplaceable units being identified in almost all environmental zones and highly-disturbed provinces. Thus the inclusion of human disturbance is essential for cost-effective priority-setting. Attention should be targeted to the areas that are characterized as moderately-disturbed, <2,000 m in altitude, and/or intermediately- to extremely-rugged in terrain to identify potentially important regions for implementing cost-effective conservation. We delineated 23 primary large-scale priority areas that are significant for conserving China''s biodiversity, but those isolated priority units in disturbed regions are in more urgent need of conservation actions so as to prevent immediate and severe biodiversity loss. This study presents a spatially optimized national-scale portfolio of conservation priorities – effectively representing the overall biodiversity of China while minimizing conflicts with economic development. Our results offer critical insights for current conservation and strategic land-use planning in China. The approach is transferable and easy to implement by end-users, and applicable for national- and local-scale systematic conservation prioritization practices.     

Ranging of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhinopithecus bieti</Emphasis> in the Samage Forest,China. II. Use of Land Cover Types and Altitudes

We investigated composition and structure of a temperate montane forest called Samage at Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve in Yunnan, one of the last refuges for the highly endangered black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti). There is a patchwork of vegetation types at Samage, and we distinguished 6 major land cover types within the home range of the focal group. We tracked the semihabituated Gehuaqing band for a full annual cycle to study their habitat utilization and altitudinal ranging. We analyzed the group’s selective use of particular habitat types via selection ratios. We calculated habitat availability from a GIS database. We found that they used mixed deciduous broadleaf/conifer forest disproportionately to its availability in all months. Subjects completely avoided meadows. Pine and evergreen broadleaf forests acted as corridors between patches of mixed forest and monkeys visited them occasionally, but at low frequencies and mostly in transit. The focal band stayed at elevations ranging from ca. 2600 m to 4000 m, and the mean elevation used is 3200 m. We found evidence for seasonal variation in use of elevational zones. The band stayed at significantly higher elevations in summer than in spring. The descent in spring was likely related to a flush of immature leaves at low-lying elevations. Availability of preferred fruits also had a highly positive influence on altitudinal ranging, i.e., during months with high fruit availability (late summer, early fall), the band stayed at medium elevations where preferred fruits were most abundant. Higher concentrations of lichens and the snub-nosed monkeys’ search for not yet depleted fruits probably caused them to remain at mid-elevations in winter. There is no significant correlation between climate parameters and elevation used. One of the main inferences of this investigation is that, contrary to previous accounts, Rhinopithecus bieti is not universally associated with high-elevation dark fir forest, but at Samage exhibits an overwhelming preference for mixed forest. Moreover, our analyses support the hypothesis that elevational migration, in this temperate-subtropical forest, is influenced by the temporal fruiting of major food trees and that climate has only a negligible effect on elevation use. Dayong Li and Cyril C. Grueter contributed equally to the paper.     

中国翼手类新记录——马氏菊头蝠

2003 年9 月8 日, 在云南省红河州弥勒县白龙洞(24°12′N , 103°21′E) 获得一号蝙蝠标本, 雄性(共捕捉和测量了7 个此种蝙蝠的个体, 但鉴于数量稀少, 故仅保留一只个体用来制作标本, 其余测量后放飞) , 经鉴定为马氏菊头蝠, 为中国新记录。本文给出了这种蝙蝠的特征描述和相关测量数据, 并对这种蝙蝠的分布进行了分析。标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

In vitro myogenic and adipogenic differentiation model of genetically engineered bovine embryonic fibroblast cell lines

Our current understanding of muscle and adipose tissue development has been largely restricted to the study of murine myogenic and adipogenic cell lines, since attempts to establish these cell lines from other species have met with only limited success. Here we report that a spontaneously immortalized bovine embryonic fibroblast cell line (BEFS) undergoes differentiation into adipogenic or myogenic lineages when ectopically transduced with PPARγ2 (an adipogenic lineage determinant) or MyoD (a myogenic lineage determinant) and grown in adipogenic and myogenic differentiation culture media (ADCM and MDCM, respectively). We also found that PPARγ2-overexpressing BEFS cells (BEFS-PPARγ2) grown in ADCM with or without the PPARγ2 ligand, troglitazone, preferentially differentiate into adipogenic cells in the presence of ectopic MyoD expression. Ectopic expression of PPARγ2 in the inducible MyoD-overepxressing BEFS cells (BEFS-TetOn-MyoD) completely suppresses myogenic differentiation and leads to a significant increase in adipogenic differentiation, suggesting that the adipogenic differentiation program might be dominant. Therefore, BEFS, BEFS-PPARγ2, and BEFS-TetOn-MyoD would be a valuable biological model for understanding a fundamental principle underlying myogenic and adipogenic development, and for isolating various genetic and chemical factors that enable muscle and adipocyte differentiation.