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61.
Shigenobu Tone Akihiko Kadoya Hiroyasu Maeda Yohsuke Minatogawa Ryo Kido 《Human genetics》1994,93(2):201-203
In order to identify the chromosomal assignment for the human indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) gene, we performed the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using somatic cell hybrids and screened for the presence of amplified products. The results indicate that the human IDO gene can be assigned to chromosome 8. 相似文献
62.
Immunoreactive somatostatin (IR-SRIF) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) contents in the rat brain were investigated to study chronic effects of the treatment with anticonvulsants, carbamazepine (CBZ), valproic acid (VPA) and phenytoin (PHT). Decreased IR-SRIF levels were found in several brain regions after chronic treatment with VPA and CBZ. GABA concentrations were found to be increased significantly in chronic CBZ and VPA treatment in the rat brain, especially in limbic structures. PHT had no effect on both IR-SRIF and GABA contents in the rat brain. Effects of several GABA-mimetic drugs also were studied on IR-SRIF contents in the rat brain. Aminooxyacetic acid an inhibitor of GABA transaminase, induced a decrease in IR-SRIF concentration in the pyriform and entorhinal cortex, whereas ethanolamine-o-sulfate, another GABA-transaminase inhibitor and muscimol, a GABA receptor agonist had no effect on brain IR-SRIF after acute administration. The present results suggest that endogenous somatostatin has an important role for anticonvulsant properties of CBZ and VPA, but not of PHT. The relationship between the changes in IR-SRIF and the GABA transmitter system in the anticonvulsant action of CBZ and VPA remains to be clarified. 相似文献
63.
64.
Kazuki Miura Takehiko Yamanaka Yoshito Suzuki Yohsuke Tagami Andrew Paul Davies 《Population Ecology》2009,51(2):245-252
Parthenogenesis-inducing (PI) Wolbachia bacteria are reproductive parasites that cause infected (W
+) female haplodiploid parasitoids to produce daughters without fertilization by males. Theoretically, PI Wolbachia infection should spread to fixation within Trichogramma populations as males are no longer required to produce female offspring. Infections in some naturally occurring Trichogramma populations are, however, maintained at frequencies ranging from 4 to 26%. Here we describe discrete equation models to examine
if the PI Wolbachia infection in Trichogramma populations can be maintained at relatively low frequencies by mating regularity. Model outcomes suggest the probability
of W
+ females mating could stabilize Wolbachia infection frequency at low levels in Trichogramma populations. The primary mechanism maintaining low-level PI Wolbachia infection in Trichogramma populations is reducing the survivorship from egg to adult in infected relative to uninfected females. The model successfully
demonstrates that the relatively low PI Wolbachia infection frequency in host populations can be maintained by fertilization, or male rescue, of infected eggs, which avoids
potentially hazardous gamete duplication that occurs during Wolbachia-induced parthenogenesis. 相似文献
65.
Tamotsu Sato Yohsuke Kominami Satoshi Saito Kaoru Niiyama Hiroyuki Tanouchi Dai Nagamatsu Haruto Nomiya 《Plant Ecology》2010,208(2):187-198
We examined fine litterfall fluctuations on a seasonal and annual scale for 14 years (1992–2005) in a 1.2-ha plot in an old-growth
lucidophyllous (evergreen broad-leaved) forest within the Aya Research Site, southwestern Japan. The average total litterfall
input was 6.32 Mg ha–1, of which leaf litter accounted for 60% of the total. Two high-impact typhoons struck the study area in 1993 (T9313) and
2004 (T0416) during the observation period; however, the subsequent pattern of litterfall after disturbance was different
between the two typhoons. T9313 disturbance caused a reduction of biomass (ca. 10% of basal area (BA)) and a sharp decrease
in litterfall input following a massive input in 1993. On the other hand, T0416 caused a minor decline in litterfall input,
accompanied by a relatively small reduction of BA (5.2% of the 2001 BA). In spite of large fluctuations, litterfall input
increased year by year after the T9313 disturbance. In 2000, 7 years after T9313, leaf input showed no significant differences
and recorded more than 90% of pre-T9313 levels. Re-leafing from typhoon survivors may play an important role in the recovery
of litterfall input in this forest. This study demonstrated how one high-impact typhoon can alter the temporal fluctuations
in fine litterfall in lucidophyllous forest ecosystems. 相似文献
66.
Direct evidence of digestion of paternal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been found in the true slime mold Physarum polycephalum. This is the first report on the selective digestion of mtDNA inside the zygote, and is striking evidence for the mechanism
of maternal inheritance of mitochondria. Moreover, two mitochondrial nuclease activities were detected in this organism as
candidates for the nucleases responsible for selective digestion of mtDNA. In the true slime mold, there is an additional
feature of the uniparental inheritance of mitochondria. Although mitochondria are believed to be inherited from the maternal
lineage in nearly all eukaryotes, the mating types of the true slime mold P. polycephalum is not restricted to two: there are three mating loci—matA, matB, and matC—and these loci have 16, 15, and 3 alleles, respectively. Interestingly, the transmission patterns of mtDNA are determined
by the matA locus, in a hierarchical fashion (matA hierarchy) as follows: matA7 > matA2 > matA11 > matA12 > matA15/matA16 > matA1 > matA6. The strain possessing the higher status of matA would be the mtDNA donor in crosses. Furthermore, we have found that some crosses showed biparental inheritance of mitochondria.
This review describes the phenomenon of hierarchical transmission of mtDNA in true slime molds, and discusses the presumed
molecular mechanism of maternal and biparental inheritance. 相似文献
67.
Yohsuke Kikuchi Yusuke Naka Hidemitsu Osakabe Tetsuaki Okamoto Tomoko Masaike Hiroshi Ueno Shoichi Toyabe Eiro Muneyuki 《Biophysical journal》2013
Rotation of the γ subunit of the F1-ATPase plays an essential role in energy transduction by F1-ATPase. Hydrolysis of an ATP molecule induces a 120° step rotation that consists of an 80° substep and 40° substep. ATP binding together with ADP release causes the first 80° step rotation. Thus, nucleotide binding is very important for rotation and energy transduction by F1-ATPase. In this study, we introduced a βY341W mutation as an optical probe for nucleotide binding to catalytic sites, and a βE190Q mutation that suppresses the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphate (NTP). Using a mutant monomeric βY341W subunit and a mutant α3β3γ subcomplex containing the βY341W mutation with or without an additional βE190Q mutation, we examined the binding of various NTPs (i.e., ATP, GTP, and ITP) and nucleoside diphosphates (NDPs, i.e., ADP, GDP, and IDP). The affinity (1/Kd) of the nucleotides for the isolated β subunit and third catalytic site in the subcomplex was in the order ATP/ADP > GTP/GDP > ITP/IDP. We performed van’t Hoff analyses to obtain the thermodynamic parameters of nucleotide binding. For the isolated β subunit, NDPs and NTPs with the same base moiety exhibited similar ΔH0 and ΔG0 values at 25°C. The binding of nucleotides with different bases to the isolated β subunit resulted in different entropy changes. Interestingly, NDP binding to the α3β(Y341W)3γ subcomplex had similar Kd and ΔG0 values as binding to the isolated β(Y341W) subunit, but the contributions of the enthalpy term and the entropy term were very different. We discuss these results in terms of the change in the tightness of the subunit packing, which reduces the excluded volume between subunits and increases water entropy. 相似文献
68.
Ogawa Y Ooka T Shi F Ogura Y Nakayama K Hayashi T Shimoji Y 《Journal of bacteriology》2011,193(12):2959-2971
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a Gram-positive bacterium that represents a new class, Erysipelotrichia, in the phylum Firmicutes. The organism is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes swine erysipelas, as well as a variety of diseases in many animals. Here, we report the first complete genome sequence analysis of a member of the class Erysipelotrichia. The E. rhusiopathiae genome (1,787,941 bp) is one of the smallest genomes in the phylum Firmicutes. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene and 31 universal protein families suggest that E. rhusiopathiae is phylogenetically close to Mollicutes, which comprises Mycoplasma species. Genome analyses show that the overall features of the E. rhusiopathiae genome are similar to those of other Gram-positive bacteria; it possesses a complete set of peptidoglycan biosynthesis genes, two-component regulatory systems, and various cell wall-associated virulence factors, including a capsule and adhesins. However, it lacks many orthologous genes for the biosynthesis of wall teichoic acids (WTA) and lipoteichoic acids (LTA) and the dltABCD operon, which is responsible for d-alanine incorporation into WTA and LTA, suggesting that the organism has an atypical cell wall. In addition, like Mollicutes, its genome shows a complete loss of fatty acid biosynthesis pathways and lacks the genes for the biosynthesis of many amino acids, cofactors, and vitamins, indicating reductive genome evolution. The genome encodes nine antioxidant factors and nine phospholipases, which facilitate intracellular survival in phagocytes. Thus, the E. rhusiopathiae genome represents evolutionary traits of both Firmicutes and Mollicutes and provides new insights into its evolutionary adaptations for intracellular survival. 相似文献
69.
70.
Imae R Inoue T Nakasaki Y Uchida Y Ohba Y Kono N Nakanishi H Sasaki T Mitani S Arai H 《Journal of lipid research》2012,53(3):335-347
Mammalian phosphatidylinositol (PI) has a unique fatty acid composition in that 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl species is predominant. This fatty acid composition is formed through fatty acid remodeling by sequential deacylation and reacylation. We recently identified three Caenorhabditis elegans acyltransferases (ACL-8, ACL-9, and ACL-10) that incorporate stearic acid into the sn-1 position of PI. Mammalian LYCAT, which is the closest homolog of ACL-8, ACL-9, and ACL-10, was originally identified as a lysocardiolipin acyltransferase by an in vitro assay and was subsequently reported to possess acyltransferase activity toward various anionic lysophospholipids. However, the in vivo role of mammalian LYCAT in phospholipid fatty acid metabolism has not been well elucidated. In this study, we generated LYCAT-deficient mice and demonstrated that LYCAT determined the fatty acid composition of PI in vivo. LYCAT-deficient mice were outwardly healthy and fertile. In the mice, stearoyl-CoA acyltransferase activity toward the sn-1 position of PI was reduced, and the fatty acid composition of PI, but not those of other major phospholipids, was altered. Furthermore, expression of mouse LYCAT rescued the phenotype of C. elegans acl-8 acl-9 acl-10 triple mutants. Our data indicate that LYCAT is a determinant of PI molecular species and its function is conserved in C. elegans and mammals. 相似文献