QTL mapping for adult-plant resistance to stripe rust in Italian common wheat cultivars Libellula and Strampelli

Italian common wheat cultivars Libellula and Strampelli, grown for over three decades in Gansu province of China, have shown effective resistance to stripe rust. To elucidate the genetic basis of the resistance, F₃ populations were developed from crosses between the two cultivars and susceptible Chinese wheat cultivar Huixianhong. The F₃ lines were evaluated for disease severity in Beijing, Gansu and Sichuan from 2005 to 2008. Joint- and single-environment analyses by composite interval mapping identified five quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in Libellula for reduced stripe rust severity, designated QYr.caas-2DS, QYr.caas-4BL, QYr.caas-5BL.1, QYr.caas-5BL.2 and QYr.caas-7DS, and explained 8.1–12.4, 3.6–5.1, 3.4–8.6, 2.6 and 14.6–35.0%, respectively, of the phenotypic variance across four environments. Six interactions between different pairs of QTLs explained 3.2–7.1% of the phenotypic variance. The QTLs QYr.caas-4BL, QYr.caas-5BL.1 and QYr.caas-7DS were also detected in Strampelli, explaining 4.5, 2.9–5.5 and 17.1–39.1% of phenotypic variance, respectively, across five environments. Three interactions between different pairs of QTLs accounted for 6.1–35.0% of the phenotypic variance. The QTL QYr.caas-7DS flanked by markers csLV34 and Xgwm295 showed the largest effect for resistance to stripe rust. Sequence analyses confirmed that the lines with the QYr.caas-7DS allele for resistance carried the resistance allele of the Yr18/Lr34 gene. Our results indicated that the adult-plant resistance gene Yr18 and several minor genes confer effective durable resistance to stripe rust in Libellula and Strampelli.     

基于冠层反射光谱的棉花干物质积累量估测

通过分析不同施氮水平下棉花地上部干物质积累量与冠层光谱反射率及其衍生的比值植被指数(RVI)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)及差值植被指数(DVI)之间的关系,确立了棉花地上部干物质积累量的敏感波段及预测模型.结果表明:两个可见光波段(560和710 nm)和5个近红外波段(810、870、950、1 100和1 220 nm)组成的植被指数与棉花地上部干物质积累量的相关性较好,其中RVI(1 100, 560)的相关性最好.通过逐步回归分析确立的棉花地上部干物质积累量的预测模型为:地上部干物质积累量(g·m-2)=66.274×RVI(1 100, 560)-148.84.说明通过遥感手段估测棉花地上部干物质积累量是可行的.     

百合不定芽的快速诱导

为获得麝香百合组织培养最优外植体及探讨蔗糖、6-BA和NAA的最佳用量,本文以MS固体培养基为基础培养基,通过4因素3水平(L9 (34)) 3次重复正交试验,研究不同花器官及不同浓度的蔗糖、6-BA (6 苄基嘌呤)和NAA (α-萘乙酸)对麝香百合组织培养诱导不定芽的影响.结果表明,花托为诱导不定芽最优外植体,诱导不定芽最佳培养基为MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.3 mg/L+蔗糖90 g/L.同时经过分析,可以判断本试验中设计的4个试验因素对百合组培的影响程度依次为外植体>蔗糖>奈乙酸和6-苄氨基嘌呤.本研究结果将为百合优良品种的生产提供重要的技术支撑和资源保证.     

角蛋白酶基因gm2886在密旋链霉菌ACT12中的表达及鉴定

通过生物信息学分析,在本实验室分离得到的1株羽毛高效降解菌微白黄链霉菌Fea-10基因组中发现基因gm2886(GenBank Accession Number:KY368946)可能编码一新的角蛋白酶,通过在该基因5'端和3'端分别连接红霉素抗性基因启动子(PermE)和组氨酸标签编码序列并构建在大肠杆菌-链霉菌穿梭质粒pSET152上,接合转入密旋链霉菌Streptomyces pactum ACT12,从而实现了异源表达,蛋白纯化后对其酶学性质进行了研究。实验结果表明,带有组氨酸标签编码序列的gm2886在密旋链霉菌ACT12中可以表达分泌得到1个大小约为36 kDa的蛋白。多种底物检测表明异源表达得到的重组蛋白GM2886-His6具有蛋白酶活性,可以降解水不溶性的天青角蛋白和羽毛粉;其最适温度和pH分别为50℃和pH 10.0。PMSF可抑制GM2886-His6的酶活,而EDTA不能,说明该酶为丝氨酸蛋白酶。本研究为从分子水平上解析羽毛高效降解菌Fea-10的活性机理,从而进一步开发其应用潜力提供了基础,同时可为该类蛋白酶的研究提供借鉴。     

Silibinin ameliorates Aβ<Subscript>25-35</Subscript>-induced memory deficits in rats by modulating autophagy and attenuating neuroinflammation as well as oxidative stress

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammatory response, oxidative stress and autophagy are involved in amyloid β (Aβ)-induced memory deficits. Silibinin (silybin), a flavonoid derived from the herb milk thistle, is well known for its hepatoprotective activities. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of silibinin on Aβ_25-35-injected rats. Results demonstrated that silibinin significantly attenuated Aβ_25-35-induced memory deficits in Morris water maze and novel object-recognition tests. Silibinin exerted anxiolytic effect in Aβ_25-35-injected rats as determined in elevated plus maze test. Silibinin attenuated the inflammatory responses, increased glutathione (GSH) levels and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and upregulated autophagy levels in the Aβ_25-35-injected rats. In conclusion, silibinin is a potential candidate for AD treatment because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and autophagy regulating activities.     

Anthraquinone G503 Induces Apoptosis in Gastric Cancer Cells through the Mitochondrial Pathway

G503 is an anthraquinone compound isolated from the secondary metabolites of a mangrove endophytic fungus from the South China Sea. The present study elucidates the anti-tumor activity and the underlying mechanism of G503. Cell viability assay performed in nine cancer cell lines and two normal cell lines demonstrated that the gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 is the most G503-sensitive cancer cells. G503 induced SGC7901 cell death via apoptosis. G503 exposure activated caspases-3, -8 and -9. Pretreatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK and caspase-9 inhibitor Z-LEHD-FMK, but not caspase-8 inbibitor Z-IETD-FMK, attenuated the effect of G503. These results suggested that the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, rather than the extrinsic pathway, was involved in G503-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, G503 increased the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 in the mitochondria and decreased the ratio in the cytosol. G503 treatment resulted in mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome c release and the subsequent cleavage of caspase -9 and -3. Moreover, it is reported that the endoplasmic reticulum apoptosis pathway may also be activated by G503 by inducing capase-4 cleavage. In consideration of the lower 50% inhibitory concentration for gastric cancer cells, G503 may serve as a promising candidate for gastric cancer chemotherapy.     

Determination of zeranol and its metabolites in bovine muscle and liver by a chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay: compared to an ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy method

A chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) was compared to an ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC‐MS/MS) procedure for the analysis of zeranol and its metabolites in bovine tissue samples. Apparent recoveries from fortified samples by both methods were comparable at 0.5–4.0 µg/kg and a significant correlation was obtained. For CLEIA analysis, hapten mimicking the analyte was first synthesized and conjugated with the carrier protein bovine serum albumin as the immunogen to produce monoclonal antibody. The obtained antibody showed extensive cross‐reactivity toward zeranol metabolites (zearalanone). The limit of detection of CLEIA and UPLC‐MS/MS was 0.05 µg/kg and 0.5 µg/kg, respectively. Recoveries of both methods for fortified samples were higher than 75.0% with the coefficient of variation less than 15%. These results indicated that the combination of screening with CLEIA and confirmation with UPLC‐MS/MS for zeranol and its metabolites would be a reliable method for a large number of bovine samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enzymatic esterification between n-alcohol homologs and n-caprylic acid in non-aqueous medium under microwave irradiation

The enzymatic esterification between n-alcohol homologs and n-caprylic acid catalyzed by lipozyme RM IM (LRI) in microwave field was investigated. Some interesting findings were obtained. The optimum reaction temperature slightly shifted from that in enzymatic esterification by conventional heating. n-Alcohol homologs used in this experiment showed substrate specificity in terms of the odd and even carbon numbers. THF expressed abnormal solvent effect. Whereas in the contrastive enzymatic esterification by conventional heating, the above mentioned substrate specificity and solvent effect were not observed. All the above phenomena could be explained by both thermal and non-thermal effect of microwave on enzyme and substrates. Further investigation revealed that microwave irradiation reduced the apparent activation energy of the enzymatic reaction according to Arrhenius equation, which is considered as one of the causes increasing initial reaction rate.     

干旱对浑善达克沙地榆叶片解剖结构的影响

采用石蜡切片法对浑善达克沙地流动沙丘顶部、丘间草地处的浑善达克沙地榆及呼和浩特市白榆叶的解剖结构进行了对比观察和分析,以期探讨浑善达克沙地榆在解剖学方面适应干旱的机理。结果表明,虽然属同种植物,但由于环境条件的不同,叶片的解剖结构表现出明显的差异。生境条件最差的流动沙丘顶部的浑善达克沙地榆的抗旱性最强,具体表现为:叶片厚,表皮细胞大,具有较厚的表皮细胞外壁与角质层;栅栏组织发达,细胞缩小,排列紧密。