人工神经网络的局域性对网络训练速度的影响

从网络结构入手,提出了网络局域性的概念。作为网络结构的一种定量描述,探讨了网络结构与训练速度、预测精度间的对应关系。结果表明网络的训练速度随局域性的增加而增加,网络的预测精神在局域性０．５５附近达到最高,任何偏离都会导致网络预测精度的下降。为在生化过程具体应用中选择合理的神经网络类型提供了理论依据。     

固相微萃取气质联用分析百里香花和叶挥发性成分

利用顶空固相微萃取技术(SPME)采集百里香Thymus mongolicus花和叶的挥发性成分,采用GC/MS技术分析鉴定,并用峰面积进行归一化定量。结果表明,从百里香花和叶总离子流图中分别鉴定出24、14种化合物,分别占总峰面积的99.573%和97.187%。百里香花和叶主要成分包括酚类和萜烯类,其中百里香酚在百里香花和叶中分别占35.38%和49.13%。     

Smad3 mediates TGF-beta1-induced collagen gel contraction by human lung fibroblasts

Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is a key mediator in tissue repair and fibrosis. Using small interference RNA (siRNA), the role of Smad2 and Smad3 in TGF-beta stimulation of human lung fibroblast contraction of collagenous matrix and induction of alpha-SMA and the role of alpha-SMA in contraction were assessed. HFL-1 cells were transfected with Smad2, Smad3 or control-siRNA, and cultured in floating Type I collagen gels +/- -TGF-beta1. TGF-beta1 augmented gel contraction in Smad2-siRNA- and control-siRNA-treated cells, but had no effect in Smad3-siRNA-treated cells. Similarly, TGF-beta1 upregulated alpha-SMA in Smad2-siRNA- and control-siRNA-treated cells, but had no effect on Smad3-siRNA-treated cells. Alpha-SMA-siRNA-treated cells did not contact the collagen gels with or without TGF-beta1, suggesting alpha-SMA is required for gel contraction. Thus, Smad3 mediates TGF-beta1-induced contraction and alpha-SMA induction in human lung fibroblasts. Smad3, therefore, could be a target for blocking contraction of human fibrotic tissue induced by TGF-beta1.     

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Apple (Malus domestica) Cysteine-Rich Receptor-Like Kinase (CRK) Family: Annotation,Genomic Organization,and Expression Profiles in Response to Fungal Infection

Plant Molecular Biology Reporter - Cysteine-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) took crucial roles in plant cell growth and development, as well as environmental adaption. Apple (Malus domestica) had...     

代谢基因工程提高作物产量的分子靶标

应用基因工程技术对植物细胞内的代谢途径进行遗传修饰,已成功地使细胞代谢发生改变或合成新的化合物。光合作用,淀粉合成,氮素同化和水分利用等是形成作物产量的基础代谢。对这些代谢途径中的关键步骤和靶分子进行基因修饰以提高作物产量的研究已取得长足的进展,并正在发展成为提高作物产量的新途径。本文着重论述应用代谢基因工程提高作物产量的技术策略,研究现状,存在的问题,所面临的挑战和应用前景。     

Characterization of a human Sec14-like protein cDNA SEC14L3 highly homologous to human SPF/TAP

Supernatant protein factor (SPF) and alpha-tocopherol-associated protein (TAP) both belong to a widespread lipid-binding Sec 14-like protein family. All the members of the family have the lipid-binding motif called CRAL_TRIO. SPF is showed to stimulate the conversion of squalene to lanosterol and enhance cholesterol biosynthesis. TAP is identified to be involved in the intracellular distribution of alpha-tocopherol. Recently TAP is identified as SPF though they have very different functions. Here we report a human SPF/TAP homology SEC14L3 with 2082 base pairs in length and contains an open reading frame encoding a 400 amino acids protein. Analysis shows that SEC14L3 is mapped to 22q12 and expresses only in the liver among the used sixteen tissues in the test.     

Effect of steam explosion on biodegradation of lignin in wheat straw

The effect of steam explosion pretreatment on biodegradation of lignin in wheat straw was studied in this paper. Through experiments and analysis, 0.8MPa operation pressure and 1:20 wheat straw to water ratio are optimum for destroying lignin and the maximum of lignin loss rate is 19.94%. After steam explosion pretreatment, the wheat straw was retted by Trametes versicolor for 40 days. Biodegradation rate of lignin was tested and the maximum of 55.40% lignin loss rate was found on day 30. During the whole process of both steam explosion pretreatment and biodegradation, 75.34% lignin was degraded, without steam explosion the biodegradation of raw material the degradation rate of lignin was 31.23% only. FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA and SEM were used for further validating the results of biodegradation.     

A genetic study of the human low-voltage electroencephalogram

Summary The studied phenotype, the low-voltage electroencephalogram (LVEEG), is characterized by the absence of an alpha rhythm from the resting EEG. In previous studies, evidence was found for a simple autosomal-dominant mode of inheritance of the LVEEG. Such a polymorphism in brain function can be used as a research model for the stepwise elucidation of the molecular mechanism involved in those aspects of neuronal activity that are reflected in the EEG. Linkage with the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) marker CMM6 (D20S19) and localization of an LVEEG (EEGV1) gene on 20q have previously been reported, and genetic heterogeneity has been demonstrated. This latter result has been corroborated by studing new marker (MS214). The phenotype of the LVEEG is described here in greater detail. Its main characteristic is the absence of rhythmic alpha activity, especially in occipital leads, whereas other wave forms such as beta or theta waves may be present. Analysis of 17 new families (some of them large), together with 60 previously described nuclear families, supports the genetic hypothesis of an autosomal-dominant mode of inheritance. Problems connected with the analysis of linkage heterogeneity, exclusion mapping, and the study of multipoint linkage are discussed. A possible explanation of the localization of LVEEG in the close vicinity of another gene influencing synchronization of the normal EEG, the gene for benign neonatal epilepsie, is given.     

Cellular iron homeostasis mediated by the Mrs4–Ccc1–Smf3 pathway is essential for mitochondrial function,morphogenesis and virulence in Candida albicans

Iron bioavailability is crucial for mitochondrial metabolism and biosynthesis. Dysregulation of cellular iron homeostasis affects multiple aspects of mitochondrial physiology and cellular processes. However, the intracellular iron trafficking pathway in Candida albicans remains unclear. In this study, we characterized the Mrs4–Ccc1–Smf3 pathway, and demonstrated its important role in maintaining cellular iron levels. Double deletion of vacuolar iron exporter SMF3 and mitochondrial iron transporter MRS4 further elevated cellular iron levels in comparison with the single MRS4 deletion. However, deletion of vacuolar iron importer CCC1 in the mrs4?/? mutant restored cellular iron homeostasis to normal wild-type levels, and also normalized most of the defective phenotypes in response to various environmental stresses. Our results also suggested that both Mrs4 and Ccc1 contributed to the maintenance of mitochondrial function. The mrs4?/? and mrs4?/?smf3?/? mutants exhibited an obvious decrease in aconitase activities and mitochondrial membrane potential, whereas deletion of CCC1 in the mrs4?/? mutant effectively rescued these defects. Furthermore, we also found that the Mrs4–Ccc1–Smf3 pathway was indispensable for cell-wall stability, antifungal drug tolerance, filamentous growth and virulence, supporting the novel viewpoint that mitochondria might be the promising target for better antifungal therapies. Interestingly, the addition of exogenous iron failed to rescue the defects on non-fermentable carbon sources or hyphae-inducing medium, indicating that the defects in mitochondrial respiration and filamentous development might result from the disturbance of cellular iron homeostasis rather than environmental iron deprivation. Taken together, our results propose the Mrs4–Ccc1–Smf3 pathway as a potentially attractive target for antifungal drug development.     

我国特有植物银杉的资源、分布及其环境

我国银杉自1955年发现以来,陆续发现了它的新分布,至今已知在四省、区7个分布区的30多个分布点上,自然生长着银杉3200余株。它们是:广西花坪林区(越城岭南部)6个点有银杉1040抹,其中高5米以上的68株,1～5米的49株,1米以下的923株,最高21.1米,最大胸径83厘米;广西大瑶山4个点有银杉143株,其中高10米以上的94株,1～3米的3株,1米以下的46株,最高30米,最大胸径79.2厘米;湖南罗汉洞(越城岭北部)2个点有银杉58株,5米以上的有45株,最高18米,最大胸径43厘米;湖南罗霄山脉八面山有银杉707株,高1米以上的334株,最高24米,最大胸径46厘米;四川南川金佛山(大娄山东段北部)6个点有银杉527株,其中成年树400余株,最高17米,最大胸径50厘米;百枝山有银杉52株,最高8米,最大胸径27厘米;贵州道真沙河林区(大娄山东段南部)3处12个点有银杉729株,其中高5米以上的105株,2～5米的209株,1～2米的111株,1米以下的304株,最高18.8米,最大胸径48厘米;贵州桐梓白菁有银杉10株,高4～5米的2株,1～3米的6株,1米以下的2株。 银杉分布区范围自北纬24°5′～29°13′14″,东经107°10′～113°40′。其垂直分布自海拔940～1840米,金佛山银杉分布最高,为1600～1840米;罗汉洞银杉分布最低,为940～1060米。分布区内,年均温8.2°～17℃,绝对最低温