植物根毛生长发育及分子调控机理

植物根毛是植物吸收营养的主要器官, 了解根毛的发生、发育及遗传规律, 能对植物的养分吸收研究提供有利依据。文章旨在介绍植物根毛形态发生特性、发育生长过程及分子调控机理的研究进展, 利用比较基因组学方法研究农作物根毛形态和功能, 及有目的性的对根生长发育进行调控提供参考。研究发现植物根毛发育有反馈侧向抑制(lateral inhibition with feedback)和位置决定模式(position-dependent pattern of cell differentiation)两种方式。拟南芥根表皮细胞是以位置方式决定毛或非毛细胞发育类型, 已成为研究植物细胞命运和分化的模型。目前, 已经鉴定出控制根毛发育的基因, 包括一些转录因子如MYB家族蛋白TRIPTYCHON(TRY)、CAPRICE(CPC)和basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH)蛋白GLABRA3、ENHANCER OF GLABRA3(EGL3)及WD-repeat蛋白等基因。最后针对根毛研究前景提出展望。     

凉山州龙肘山锈红杜鹃与薄叶马银花根部真菌分子检测

【目的】为检验直接分子检测法用于揭示杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)植物根部真菌(Root-associated fungi,RAF)组成的有效性。【方法】采用不依赖于培养的分子检测技术直接从锈红杜鹃(R.bureavii)与薄叶马银花(R.leptothrium)的发根(Hair root)提取DNA,用真菌特异性引物扩增r DNA-ITS区、经克隆后测序,对获得的ITS序列进行分析;通过收集NCBI中与本研究的RAF相似性97%以上的所有序列对应的真菌来源(土壤或根系的身份)数据,分析真菌的生态学特性,并用FUNGuild软件提供的方法划分真菌的生态类型。【结果】从两种杜鹃花根部共检测到15种真菌,其中担子菌门(Basdiomycota)真菌3种,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)真菌12种。柔膜菌目(Helotiales)真菌在两种杜鹃花RAF群落中占据优势,并且在两种杜鹃花根系中均检测到该类真菌。此外,两种杜鹃花根部有多种生态类型的RAF共存,包括曾被频繁报道的杜鹃花类菌根菌Oidiodendron sp.和Rhizoscyphus sp.、内生真菌Phialocephala fortinii、共生一致病过渡型真菌Pezoloma ericae、外生菌根共生菌Meliniomyces sp.,以及腐生型真菌Myceana sp.、Lachnum virgineum、Herpotrichia sp.。【结论】直接分子检测法从两种杜鹃花属植物根部检测到的真菌谱系多样性较高、生态类型复杂,这一方法能较为全面地反映杜鹃花属植物RAF多样性。     

Molecular cloning and characterization of alc the gene encoding allantoicase of Neurospora crassa

Summary Purrtins can be utilized as a secondary nitrogen source by Neurospora crassa during conditions of nitrogen limitation. The expression of purine catabolic enzymes is governed by the nitrogen regulatory circuit and requires induction by uric acid. The major positive-acting nitrogen regulatory gene, nit-2, turns on the expression of the purine catabolic enzymes, which may also be subject to negative regulation by a second control gene, nmr. We have cloned alc, the structural gene which encodes allantoicase, an inducible enzyme of the purine degradative pathway. The identity of the alc clone was confirmed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and by repeat-induced mutation. The alc gene is transcribed to give a single messenger RNA, approximately 1.2 kb in length. The negative-acting nmr gene affects the expression of alc in the expected manner. Both the nit-2 and the nmr control genes affect alc mRNA levels and allantoicase enzyme activity in both the induced and nitrogen-repressed conditions.     

Identification of a novel protein, DMAP, which interacts with the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase and shows strong homology to D1 snRNP

The most common adult form of muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, is due to a triplet repeat (CTG) expansion in the 3 untranslated region of the myotonic dystrophy gene. Although this gene is known to encode a protein kinase, the mechanism by which a defect in this gene results in a disease state is not understood. To gain insight into this mechanism, the yeast two hybrid system was utilized to identify proteins which interact with myotonic dystrophy protein kinase. Eight positive clones were identified that interact specifically with the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase. One clone, which encodes a novel protein interacting with myotonic dystrophy protein kinase bothin vivo in yeast andin vitro, was characterized further. The gene encoding this protein may represent a member of a small gene family, and the protein (95 amino acids) exhibits a high degree of homology to an snRNP protein, D1. This novel protein may be a member of the signal transduction pathway which is responsible for the manifestation of this disease.     

Recent Advances in Cloning and Characterization of Disease Resistance Genes in Rice

Rice diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses are one of the major constraints for sustainable rice （Oryza sativa L.） production worldwide. The use of resistant cultivars is considered the most economical and effective method to control rice diseases. In the last decade, a dozen resistance genes against the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea and the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae have been cloned. Approximately half of them encode nuclear binding site （NBS） and leucine rich repeat （LRR）-containing proteins, the most common type of cloned plant resistance genes. Interestingly, four of them encode novel proteins which have not been identified in other plant species, suggesting that unique mechanisms might be involved in rice defense responses. This review summarizes the recent advances in cloning and characterization of disease resistance genes in rice and presents future perspectives for in-depth molecular analysis of the function and evolution of rice resistance genes and their interaction with avirulence genes in pathogens.     

基于16S rDNA部分序列探讨中国近海30种石斑鱼类的分子系统进化关系

石斑鱼因其种类繁多、分布广泛及缺乏显著的形体特征,使其系统分类的研究颇为困难。为探讨中国近海石斑鱼类的系统进化关系,通过PCR扩增获得了石斑鱼亚科(Epinephelinae)6属30个种类的线粒体16SrDNA基因片段序列。采用多个生物软件对序列变异和碱基组成进行分析,计算了Kimura2parameter遗传距离、转换/颠换比等遗传信息指数,并结合GenBank石斑鱼属的同源序列,以多纹长尾(Pronotogrammusmultifasciatus)和皮氏叫姑鱼(Johniusbelengerii)为外群构建NJ、MP和ML系统树。根据所得分子依据并结合形态学特征,推论如下:1)在本研究的30种石斑鱼中,鳃棘鲈属(Plectropomus)最先分化,并呈明显单系性;九棘鲈属(Cephalopholis)是一个单系群,并且较石斑鱼属(Epinephelus)原始;侧牙鲈属(Variola)的进化地位介于鳃棘鲈属与九棘鲈属之间;2)宽额鲈(Promicropslanceolatus)可以归入石斑鱼属,而驼背鲈(Cromileptesaltivelis)也与石斑鱼属有很近的亲缘关系,甚至可能是石斑鱼属内的特化类群;3)石斑鱼属内部存在两个平行进化的姐妹分支,分支内部的种类组成与地理分布无关,暗示了石斑鱼属早期的分化模式。     

模拟微重力诱导的细胞微丝变化影响COL1A1启动子活性

细胞骨架系统是细胞内的重力感受系统。已知微重力导致的细胞形态、功能、信号传导等多种变化均与细胞骨架系统变化有关,但微重力对相关基因调控的影响知之甚少。本研究以构建的基因工程细胞株（EGFP-ROS）为对象,以回转器模拟微重力效应,利用增强型绿色荧光蛋白（enhanced green fluorescence protein,EGFP）荧光半定量和细胞微丝荧光染色分析技术,探讨回转模拟微重力条件下,细胞微丝系统对Ⅰ型胶原α1链基因（collagen type Ialpha chain 1 gene,COL1A1）启动子活性的影响。空间飞行和回转模拟微重力后,细胞微丝解聚、张力纤维减少,表明微重力可降低细胞微丝结构的有序性,诱导细胞骨架重排。适合剂量的细胞松弛素B处理EGFP-ROS细胞诱导微丝骨架解聚,同时导致COL1A1启动子活性增加,细胞荧光强度增强,并呈现剂量依赖性。因此,一定程度的细胞微丝系统破坏将导致COL1A1启动子活性的增强,证明细胞微丝骨架系统参与了微重力对COL1A1启动子活性调节,且在微重力信号传导中起重要作用。     

多肽:N-乙酰氨基半乳糖转移酶2在SGC7901细胞中同时定位于高尔基体顺面囊和反面囊

多肽:N.乙酰氨基半乳糖转移酶(ppGalNAcT)在高尔基体中催化粘蛋白型O-糖基化的第一步.首先进行了人ppGalNAcT2多克隆抗体的制备和鉴定,进一步通过对分离的亚细胞结构进行蛋白质印迹分析,免疫细胞化学后共聚焦显微镜观察此抗体和两个高尔基体标记GS28(顺面高尔基体的分子标志)和TGN38(反面高尔基体的分子标志)来研究ppGalNAcT2在SGC7901细胞株中的亚细胞定位.结果表明:约有60%的ppGalNAcT2信号和Gs28共定位,大约36%的ppGalNAcT2信号和TGN38共定位.约有34%的TGN38和ppGalNAcT2信号重叠,而约38%的反面高尔基体标志和ppGalNAcT2重叠.结论是:在SGC7901中,ppGalNAcT2同时定位于高尔基体顺面囊和反面囊中,实验证实了在高尔基体中进行粘蛋白型O-糖基化的起始反应.     

桃蚜对不同单色光趋性反应的测定

为了探讨蚜虫对不同色光选择反应的定量指标, 采用滤光片技术测定了有翅和无翅桃蚜Myzus persicae对不同波长单色光的趋性反应。结果表明: 有翅蚜对490~550 nm范围内的单色光表现出明显趋性, 其中对538.9和549.9 nm的绿偏黄色光趋性最强, 平均位移分别达25.29和22.97 cm, 其次为491.5 nm的蓝绿色光, 而对于波长576.0 nm的黄色光并没有表现出明显趋性。无翅蚜对不同单色光的趋性反应则没有明显的峰值, 最高相对平均位移仅1.41。行为测定结果与前人电生理测定的结果基本一致, 说明以位移作为小体昆虫趋光性强弱的指标是可靠的。