2009年第五届“现代生态学讲座”国际会议综述

"现代生态学讲座"系列会议是由国内外华人生态学家联合发起、为加强现代生态学的新理论、新观点、新方法和热点问题的交流与合作的国际会议.总结了2009年6月27～29日在兰州大学举行的第五届现代生态学讲座国际会议的全部二十五场报告,围绕"宏观生态学和可持续发展科学"的会议主题,分别从森林生态学、草地生态学、全球变化生态学、根际和土壤生态学、分子和行为生态学以及农业生态学等角度进行了分类总结.全部报告可归纳为"生态系统服务功能的物质基础"和"生态系统服务的生态学机制"两个大的基础理论问题,而解决问题的途径必须在人类-自然耦合生态系统的大框架下进行探索.对该会议的进一步改善提出了一些建议.     

窝雏数处理对两种雀形目幼鸟生长的影响

基于 1 997～ 1 999年野外实验 ,对高寒草甸小云雀和黄嘴朱顶雀两种雀形目鸟的窝雏数进行增减处理。结果表明 ,对照组的幼鸟生长率和离巢体重都大于增加组 ,说明窝雏数增加后 ,幼鸟质量下降。随着窝雏数增加 ,这两种幼鸟生长率显著下降 (小云雀 :r =-0 965 ,P =0 0 3 5 <0 0 5 ;朱顶雀 :r =-0 82 8,P =0 0 2 2 <0 0 5 )。窝雏数改变对小云雀幼鸟出飞重影响不显著 (r =-0 41 8,P =0 5 2 8>0 0 5 ) ,而对黄嘴朱顶雀有显著的影响 (r=-0 90 1 ,P =0 0 1 4<0 0 5 )。     

Induction of defence gene expression by oligogalacturonic acid requires increases in both cytosolic calcium and hydrogen peroxide in Arabidopsis thaliana

Responses to oligogalacturonic acid (OGA) were determined in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings express-ing the calcium reporter protein aequorin. OGA stimulated a rapid, substantial and transient increase in the concentration of cytosolic calcium ([Ca^2 ]cyt) that peaked after ca. 15 s. This increase was dose-dependent, saturating at ca. 50 μg Gal equiv/ml of OGA. OGA also stimulated a rapid generation of H202. A small, rapid increase in H2O2 content was followed by a much larger oxidative burst, with H2O2 content peaking after ca. 60 min and declining thereafter. Induction of the oxidative burst by OGA was also dose-dependent, with a maximum response again being achieved at ca. 50 μg Gal equiv/mL. Inhibitors of calcium fluxes inhibited both increases in [Ca^2 ]cyt and [H2O2], whereas inhibitors of NADPH oxidase blocked only the oxidative burst. OGA increased strongly the expression of the defence-related genes CHS,GST, PAL and PR-1. This induction was suppressed by inhibitors of calcium flux or NADPH oxidase, indicating that increases in both cytosolic calcium and H2O2 are required for OGA-induced gene expression.     

葡激酶的研究进展

本文综述了葡激酶的生化特性、溶栓特性、免疫原性和临床应用方面的研究进展。     

Promoting human embryonic stem cell renewal or differentiation by modulating Wnt signal and culture conditions

We previously showed that Wnt3a could stimulate human embryonic stem （hES） cell proliferation and affect cell fate determination. In the absence of feeder cell--derived factors, hES cells cultured under a feeder-free condition survived and proliferated poorly. Adding recombinant Wnt3a in the absence of feeder cell derived-factors stimulated hES cell proliferation but also differentiation. In the present study, we further extended our analysis to other Wnt ligands such as Wntl and Wnt5a. While Wntl displayed a similar effect on hES cells as Wnt3a, Wnt5a had little effect in this system. Wnt3a and Wntl enhanced proliferation of undifferentiated hES cells when feeder-derived self-renewal factors and bFGF are also present. To explore the possibility to promote the proliferation of undifferentiated hES cells by activating the Wnt signaling, we overexpressed Wnt3a or Wntl gene in immortalized human adult fibroblast （HAFi） cells that are superior in supporting long-term growth of undifferentiated hES cells than primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. HAFi cells with or without a Wnt tmnsgene can be propagated indefinitely. Over-expression of the Wnt3a gene significantly enhanced the ability of HAFi feeder cells to support the undifferentiated growth of 3 different hES cell lines we tested. Co-expression of three commonly-used drug selection genes in Wnt3a-overpressing HAFi cells further enabled us to select rare hES clones after stable transfection or transduction. These immortalized engineered feeder cells （W3R） that co-express growth-promoting genes such as Wnt3a and three drug selection genes should empower us to efficiently make genetic modified hES cell lines for basic and translational research.     

猪眼角膜的生物力学特性

对猪眼角膜进行了有系统的单轴拉伸实验,通过实验来确定其极限强度,断裂能、显著非线性的应力-应变关系和滞后环.在不同的应变水平下进行了应为松弛实验并确定了连续松弛谱的各参数.从极限强度、断裂能和应力松弛来看,角膜的纵向和横向之间无重大的差异,据此,各向同性假定可用于初步的角膜力学模型.     

B-Myb稳定过表达H1299细胞株的构建与分析

B—Myb是Myb家族的成员之一,在细胞周期和癌变过程中具有重要作用。但其在肺癌中的作用及其分子机制仍不清楚。为了研究B—Myb在肺癌中的作用,构建了B-Myb稳定过表达的H1299肺癌细胞株。流式细胞术和MTT检测的结果表明,B—Myb稳定过表达导致G1期细胞减少,S期细胞增加进而促进细胞增殖：克隆形成实验及Transwell的结果表明,B—Myb稳定过表达显著增强H1299细胞的克隆形成、侵袭及迁移能力。定量RT-PCR检测结果表明,B—Myb稳定过表达显著提高了细胞周期基因CCNA1的表达水平;对CD97和MTSS1等细胞运动相关下游基因的表达则无明显影响。该研究成功构建了B-Myb稳定过表达细胞株,发现了B-Myb过表达可促进肺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭迁移及克隆形成能力,为进一步研究奠定了基础。     

Non‐dormant Axillary Bud 1 regulates axillary bud outgrowth in sorghum

Tillering contributes to grain yield and plant architecture and therefore is an agronomically important trait in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Here, we identified and functionally characterized a mutant of the Non‐dormant Axillary Bud 1 (NAB1) gene from an ethyl methanesulfonate‐mutagenized sorghum population. The nab1 mutants have increased tillering and reduced plant height. Map‐based cloning revealed that NAB1 encodes a carotenoid‐cleavage dioxygenase 7 (CCD7) orthologous to rice (Oryza sativa) HIGH‐TILLERING DWARF1/DWARF17 and Arabidopsis thaliana MORE AXILLARY BRANCHING 3. NAB1 is primarily expressed in axillary nodes and tiller bases and NAB1 localizes to chloroplasts. The nab1 mutation causes outgrowth of basal axillary buds; removing these non‐dormant basal axillary buds restored the wild‐type phenotype. The tillering of nab1 plants was completely suppressed by exogenous application of the synthetic strigolactone analog GR24. Moreover, the nab1 plants had no detectable strigolactones and displayed stronger polar auxin transport than wild‐type plants. Finally, RNA‐seq showed that the expression of genes involved in multiple processes, including auxin‐related genes, was significantly altered in nab1. These results suggest that NAB1 functions in strigolactone biosynthesis and the regulation of shoot branching via an interaction with auxin transport.     

硅在植物体内的分布和吸收及其在病害逆境胁迫中的抗性作用

硅在地壳中含量位居第二位,尽管还没有被列为植物生长的必需营养元素,但它在促进植物生长发育和营养吸收、提高植物对非生物逆境胁迫和生物逆境胁迫的抗性等方面都具有重要作用。综述了近些年来国内外关于硅在植物体内的分布、吸收及其生理效应,重点介绍了硅在病害逆境胁迫中的抗性作用机理。高等植物以单硅酸[Si(OH)4]的形式吸收硅,存在硅的主动吸收和被动吸收机制。硅主要沉积在叶片及叶鞘表皮细胞,形成硅化细胞和角质-硅双层结构,能增强寄主植物细胞壁的机械强度和稳固性,从而延缓和抵御病菌的侵入和扩展。更多的证据表明,硅处理能增加植物叶片保护酶(过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶等)活性和诱导寄主产生次生代谢抗性物质(如植保素、多酚类化合物、木质素),从而激活植物的防御系统,增强对病原菌的抵抗能力。分子水平上的研究显示,硅能诱导与植物防御机制相关的基因表达,参与抗病信号分子(如水杨酸、茉莉酸和乙烯)在信号传导中的作用。     

干扰RNA的非靶免疫副作用及其siRNA序列设计与化学修饰

siRNA介导的RNA干扰技术已经成为基因功能研究和开展疾病治疗的有用工具.近年发现,siRNA在哺乳动物体内可激活天然免疫系统,诱导干扰素等炎症因子的分泌,并且可非特异性抑制某些非靶基因的表达,有可能极大限制RNA干扰技术的应用.进行高效特异性siRNA的设计和修饰,以保持或者增强siRNA的特异性靶基因沉默作用,又消除siRNA对机体的非靶免疫副作用,成为使siRNA安全有效应用于临床治疗的关键.