繁缕和无瓣繁缕六个居群的数值分析

对繁缕（Stellaria media）和无瓣繁缕（S.apetala）的6个居群的57个性状进行Q－聚类和R－聚类的研究。结果表明：（1）Q－聚类中,用一条结合线,可以把繁缕的4个居群聚为一类,无瓣繁缕的2个居群聚为一类。这一结果支持肥繁缕和无瓣繁缕划分为两个物种;（2）R－聚类中,发现了呈现完全正相关、极大正相关和极大负相关的性状,并根据R－聚类的结果,运用一条适当的结合线,把繁缕和无瓣繁缕的57个性状划为5个类群,并分析了各性状的分类学意义。     

野生哺乳动物肠道微生物组研究进展与展望

动物肠道菌群与宿主在营养代谢、免疫、疾病等方面有密切的关系。鉴于肠道菌群的这种重要性,野生动物肠道菌群宏基因组学日益成为保护生物学的研究热点。本文主要综述了近年来野生哺乳动物肠道微生物组的若干最新研究进展,着眼于宿主食性适应、健康、宿主与微生物组的协同进化等若干重要问题,对食肉类、灵长类、有蹄类、有袋类、鲸类、啮齿类等几大比较受关注的动物类群分别进行了总结,以期为今后我国哺乳动物肠道微生物组的研究提供一些视角和方向,并为野生动物的保护提供新的理论基础及研究手段。     

Depression compromises antiviral innate immunity via the AVP-AHI1-Tyk2 axis

Depression is a serious public-health issue. Recent reports have suggested higher susceptibility to viral infections in depressive patients. However, how depression affects antiviral innate immune signaling remains unknown. Here, we revealed a reduction in expression of Abelson helper integration site 1 (AHI1) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and macrophages from the patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), which leads to attenuated antiviral immune response. We found that depression-related arginine vasopressin (AVP) induces reduction of AHI1 in macrophages. Further studies demonstrated that AHI1 is a critical stabilizer of basal type-I-interferon (IFN-I) signaling. Mechanistically, AHI1 recruits OTUD1 to deubiquitinate and stabilize Tyk2, while AHI1 reduction downregulates Tyk2 and IFN-I signaling activity in macrophages from both MDD patients and depression model mice. Interestingly, we identified a clinical analgesic meptazinol that effectively stimulates AHI1 expression, thus enhancing IFN-I antiviral defense in depression model mice. Our study promotes the understanding of the signaling mechanisms of depression-mediated antiviral immune dysfunction, and reveals meptazinol as an enhancer of antiviral innate immunity in depressive patients.Subject terms: Innate immunity, Ubiquitylation, Cell signalling     

Effects of Sphingomyelin Headgroup Size on Interactions with Ceramide

Sphingomyelins (SMs) and ceramides are known to interact favorably in bilayer membranes. Because ceramide lacks a headgroup that could shield its hydrophobic body from unfavorable interactions with water, accommodation of ceramide under the larger phosphocholine headgroup of SM could contribute to their favorable interactions. To elucidate the role of SM headgroup for SM/ceramide interactions, we explored the effects of reducing the size of the phosphocholine headgroup (removing one, two, or three methyls on the choline moiety, or the choline moiety itself). Using differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy, we found that the size of the SM headgroup had no marked effect on the thermal stability of ordered domains formed by SM analog/palmitoyl ceramide (PCer) interactions. In more complex bilayers composed of a fluid glycerophospholipid, SM analog, and PCer, the thermal stability and molecular order of the laterally segregated gel domains were roughly identical despite variation in SM headgroup size. We suggest that that the association between PCer and SM analogs was stabilized by ceramide’s aversion for disordered phospholipids, by interfacial hydrogen bonding between PCer and the SM analogs, and by attractive van der Waals’ forces between saturated chains of PCer and SM analogs.     

Expression and functional analysis of flotillins in Dugesia japonica

FLOTILLIN-1 and FLOTILLIN-2 are membrane rafts associated proteins that have been implicated in insulin and growth factor signaling, endocytosis, cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, cytoskeleton remodeling and membrane trafficking. Furthermore, FLOTILLINs also play important roles in the progression of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, the roles of flotillins are investigated in planarian Dugesia japonica. The results show that Djflotillin-1 and Djflotillin-2 play a key role in homeostasis maintenance and regeneration process by regulating the proliferation of the neoblast cells, they are not involved in the maintenance and regeneration of the central nervous system in planarians.     

含霍乱肠毒素B亚单位基因植物表达载体的构建策略

采用高保真PCR方法调出CTB基因,经测序证实核酸序列正确后,再亚克隆到含植物表达调控原件的载体上,采用冻融法和电击法,将含CTB的植物表达载体转入根癌农杆菌中,通过一系列分子克隆的方法获得含CTB基因的植物及元素达载体pBI-CTB和pBI-CTBK,并经酶切证实,为下一步的植物转基因研究打下坚实的基础。     

Regulation of the Rev1–pol ζ complex during bypass of a DNA interstrand cross‐link

DNA interstrand cross‐links (ICLs) are repaired in S phase by a complex, multistep mechanism involving translesion DNA polymerases. After replication forks collide with an ICL, the leading strand approaches to within one nucleotide of the ICL (“approach”), a nucleotide is inserted across from the unhooked lesion (“insertion”), and the leading strand is extended beyond the lesion (“extension”). How DNA polymerases bypass the ICL is incompletely understood. Here, we use repair of a site‐specific ICL in Xenopus egg extracts to study the mechanism of lesion bypass. Deep sequencing of ICL repair products showed that the approach and extension steps are largely error‐free. However, a short mutagenic tract is introduced in the vicinity of the lesion, with a maximum mutation frequency of ~1%. Our data further suggest that approach is performed by a replicative polymerase, while extension involves a complex of Rev1 and DNA polymerase ζ. Rev1–pol ζ recruitment requires the Fanconi anemia core complex but not FancI–FancD2. Our results begin to illuminate how lesion bypass is integrated with chromosomal DNA replication to limit ICL repair‐associated mutagenesis.     

蛋白质代谢、折叠、运输、定位、装配相关基因在大鼠肝再生中表达变化

为在基因转录水平了解蛋白质代谢、折叠、运输、定位、装配相关基因在大鼠肝再生中表达情况和作用,本文用搜集网站资料和查阅相关论文等方法获得上述基因,用Rat Genome 2302.0芯片检测它们在大鼠再生肝中表达情况,用真、假手术比较方法确定肝再生相关基因。初步证实上述基因中1147个基因与肝再生相关。其中,参与蛋白质代谢、折叠、运输、定位和装配的基因以上调表达为主;参与蛋白质代谢的基因主要在部分肝切除（partial hepatectomy,PH）后0.5-1h和16-30h起始表达;0.5-12h表达的促进蛋白降解基因数多于促进蛋白积累基因数,而16-48h表达的促进蛋白质积累基因数显著多于促进蛋白质降解基因数;蛋白质合成相关基因在肝再生的16、24、42和66h表达上调较多,在42h最多;几乎在整个肝再生中蛋白质降解相关基因表达上调,在早、前期较多,在后期较少;蛋白质折叠相关基因在2、16-24、42、66、72和168h表达上调较多,在66h最多;蛋白质运输和定位相关基因在整个肝再生中表达上调,在66h表达上调最多;蛋白质装配相关基因在96h前均表达上调,其中,12h表达上调基因最多。根据上述结果推测,在肝再生中期蛋白质合成旺盛,几乎整个肝再生中蛋白质降解、折叠、运输定位和装配活动活跃。     

象山港不同养殖类型海域大型底栖动物群落比较研究

于2009年2月在象山港顶部海域分别对海带、牡蛎和鱼类网箱3种不同养殖区进行了大型底栖动物调查。调查共鉴定大型底栖动物73种,隶属8门12纲53科,以软体动物和环节动物为主。海带养殖区优势种有5种;牡蛎养殖区有4种;网箱养殖区有9种。海带、牡蛎和网箱养殖区大型底栖动物平均栖息密度分别为(132±71)个/m²、(94±91)个/m²和(210±132)个/m²;平均生物量分别为(26.51±11.06) g/m²、(53.03±61.94) g/m²和(108.80±73.56) g/m²。栖息密度和生物量不同养殖区和不同调查站位间差异显著。Tukey多重比较结果显示,栖息密度海带养殖区与牡蛎和网箱养殖区间均无显著差异,而牡蛎与鱼类网箱养殖区间存在显著差异;生物量海带养殖区与牡蛎养殖区间无显著差异,海带养殖区和牡蛎养殖区与网箱养殖区间均显著差异。典范对应分析结果表明,对大型底栖动物群落起主要影响的环境因子有温度、盐度、总氮和总磷等,排序轴对物种-环境关系的贡献率计算结果表明环境变量可以较好的解释主要类群的变化情况。丰度/生物量比较曲线(ABC曲线)分析结果表明,网箱养殖区大型底栖动物群落受较明显扰动,而海带和牡蛎养殖区大型底栖动物群落未受扰动。