离体诱变定向培育高油花生新品种宇花9号

笔者前期研究发现经干旱胁迫处理后的花生叶片水势与其籽仁含油率呈显著正相关。文中对羟脯氨酸作为水势(渗透压)调节物质用于离体定向筛选花生高油突变体及培育花生新品种进行了研究。以花生品种花育20号胚小叶作为外植体,平阳霉素作为诱变剂添加于体胚诱导培养基上进行离体诱变培养。形成的体胚转移到添加6 mmol/L羟脯氨酸(培养基水势为-2.079 MPa)的体胚萌发和再生培养基上诱导体胚萌发成苗,同时进行高油突变体定向筛选。再生小苗经嫁接移栽田间,从再生植株后代中获得了132份含油率55%以上的高油突变体,其中27份含油率超过58%,2份超过60%。再生植株后代结合系谱育种法育成了高产高油花生新品种宇花9号,在辽宁省花生新品种备案试验中,籽仁产量比对照品种增产14.0%,并通过了国家非主要农作物品种登记。宇花9号含油率达61.05%,比亲本花育20号高11.55个百分点,是目前国际上含油率最高的花生品种。本研究结果表明,利用离体诱变、培养基低水势定向筛选及其再生植株后代结合常规育种法选择是定向培育高油花生品种的有效方法。     

硬粒小麦 长穗偃麦草2E和4E附加系及E染色体传递

为探讨长穗偃麦草E染色体在硬粒小麦背景中的传递特点,利用染色体特异分子标记、基因组原位杂交(GISH)、非变性荧光原位杂交(ND FISH)等方法,对小偃麦8801(AABBEE)与硬粒小麦(AABB)杂交后代中选育的株系Du_No.2和Du_No.4进行了分析。结果表明：(1)分子标记检测株系Du_No.2及Du_No.4分别能扩增出长穗偃麦草2E、4E染色体特异条带。(2)GISH和ND FISH分析显示,株系Du_No.2和Du_No.4分别附加了1条2E和4E染色体,表明株系Du_No.2 和Du_No.4分别为硬粒小麦 长穗偃麦草2E和4E单体附加系。(3)2个株系的减数分裂过程观察发现,后期Ⅰ、Ⅱ和末期Ⅱ都有E染色体分离异常现象,且株系Du_No.2和 Du_No.4的异常率分别为22.24%和36.18%。(4)2个株系分别与硬粒小麦进行正反杂交的后代PCR分析表明, 2E和4E染色体经雄配子的传递率分别为4.41%和2.17%,而通过雌配子的传递率都为零,表明2E和4E染色体在硬粒小麦背景中能通过雄配子传递,但不通过雌配子的传递。该研究为创建全套硬粒小麦 长穗偃麦草双体附加系及代换系提供基础。     

马铃薯种质资源的晚疫病抗性鉴定

采用离体叶片接种法,对43份马铃薯种质资源进行晚疫病抗性鉴定、比较和评价。以接种5 d后的感病品种‘Désirée’和抗病品种‘加湘1号’叶片症状为对照,鉴定出5份表现为高抗的种质资源,其中包含3个Solanum phurejia和2个S. tuberosum ssp. andigena材料。另外,还鉴定出14份中抗材料(No. 7～20)。结果表明,野生种和安第斯山栽培亚种马铃薯资源的抗性材料较为丰富,可作为晚疫病抗病育种的亲本。     

Comparison of stress distribution in dental crown with different cusp angles: 3D finite element analysis

The purpose of this study is to measure the failure risk of a crown depending on the cusp angle. Three all-ceramic crown models consisting of C_H (high incline), C_M (middle incline), and C_L (low incline) are designed. Stress is applied to the crown with Loading case-1 (top of cusp tip) and Loading case-2 (middle of cusp ridge) with the use of FEA software. In Loading case-1 and case-2, the C_H showed the highest Maximum Principal Stress (MPS) while the CL showed the lowest MPS. The cusp angle is an influential factor affecting stress distribution in dental crowns.     

NEK5 regulates cell cycle progression during mouse oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryonic development

NEK5, a member of never in mitosis‐gene A‐related protein kinase, is involved in the regulation of centrosome integrity and centrosome cohesion at mitosis in somatic cells. In this study, we investigated the expression and function of NEK5 during mouse oocyte maturation and preimplantation embryonic development. The results showed that NEK5 was expressed from germinal vesicle (GV) to metaphase II (MII) stages during oocyte maturation with the highest level of expression at the GV stage. It was shown that NEK5 localized in the cytoplasm of oocytes at GV stage, concentrated around chromosomes at germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) stage, and localized to the entire spindle at prometaphase I, MI and MII stages. The small interfering RNA‐mediated depletion of Nek5 significantly increased the phosphorylation level of cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 in oocytes, resulting in a decrease of maturation‐promoting factor activity, and severely impaired GVBD. The failure of meiotic resumption caused by Nek5 depletion could be rescued by the depletion of Wee1B. We found that Nek5 depletion did not affect CDC25B translocation into the GV. We also found that NEK5 was expressed from 1‐cell to blastocyst stages with the highest expression at the blastocyst stage, and Nek5 depletion severely impaired preimplantation embryonic development. This study demonstrated for the first time that NEK5 plays important roles during meiotic G2/M transition and preimplantation embryonic development.     

3种苯并咪唑类药物对大熊猫西氏贝蛔虫的驱虫效果初步观察

西氏贝蛔虫Baylisascaris schroederi是圈养大熊猫Ailuropoda melanoleuca最常见、危害最严重的一种体内寄生虫,采用药物驱虫是目前控制圈养大熊猫蛔虫病的主要措施。为了筛选有效的驱虫药物,本研究观察了3种苯并咪唑类药物(阿苯达唑片剂、芬苯达唑膏剂和甲苯咪唑片剂)对大熊猫蛔虫的驱虫效果,统计了驱虫前后粪检蛔虫卵转阴率及排虫情况。结果表明,除芬苯达唑按5 mg·kg^-1体质量口服,每天1次,连续服用2 d,效果较差外,3种药物按10 mg·kg^-1体质量口服,每天1次,连续服用2 d,用药安全且有较好的驱虫效果。     

人嗅黏膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

外泌体是指释放到细胞外微环境中的直径约50～130 nm的纳米级的膜性囊泡。嗅黏膜间充质干细胞（olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells,OM-MSCs）作为一类新发现的间充质干细胞,在许多疾病中均具有治疗作用,且其内在机制与其旁分泌的外泌体密切相关,但OM-MSCs外泌体的分离、鉴定及生物学特性的研究尚未见报道。本研究采用超速离心法提取OM-MSCs培养液中的外泌体,应用流式细胞术及免疫荧光进行细胞鉴定后,分别用透射电子显微镜、纳米粒径分析及Western印迹对外泌体形态、颗粒大小和表面的特异性分子标志进行分析鉴定。采用CCK8增殖实验,Western印迹和划痕实验,分析其对人脑微血管内皮细胞增殖和迁移的影响。电镜、Western 印迹和纳米粒径分析的结果显示：OM-MSCs来源外泌体形态多为圆形,直径约为40～150 nm;表达外泌体标记物CD63,CD81;CCK-8法检测显示：不同浓度的OM-MSCs源外泌体可提高人脑微血管内皮细胞的增殖活性,且其增殖促进作用具有浓度依赖性（P<0.05）。Western 印迹检测结果显示：相比空白对照组,OM-MSCs源外泌体可显著提高内皮细胞的增殖细胞核抗原蛋白质水平表达（P<0.01）,细胞划痕实验结果显示,OM-MSCs源外泌体可增强内皮细胞的迁移能力,且高于对照组（P<0.01）。本研究表明：通过超速离心法可以分离纯化获得OM-MSCs源外泌体,且该外泌体具有促进人脑微血管内皮细胞迁移和增殖的作用。