Fluorescence imaging in vivo: recent advances

In vivo fluorescence imaging uses a sensitive camera to detect fluorescence emission from fluorophores in whole-body living small animals. To overcome the photon attenuation in living tissue, fluorophores with long emission at the near-infrared (NIR) region are generally preferred, including widely used small indocarbocyanine dyes. The list of NIR probes continues to grow with the recent addition of fluorescent organic, inorganic and biological nanoparticles. Recent advances in imaging strategies and reporter techniques for in vivo fluorescence imaging include novel approaches to improve the specificity and affinity of the probes and to modulate and amplify the signal at target sites for enhanced sensitivity. Further emerging developments are aiming to achieve high-resolution, multimodality and lifetime-based in vivo fluorescence imaging.     

鸡减蛋综合征病毒(EDSV)基因组右末端结构的分析

从中国发病鸡中分离的鸡减蛋综合征病毒（ＥｇｇＤｒｏｐＳｙｎｄｒｏｍＶｉｒｕｓ,ＥＤＳＶ）弱毒株（ＡＡ－２）,其基因组全长约为３３ｋｂ。用限制性内切酶ＨｉｎｄⅢ水解ＥＤＳＶ全基因组,构建了以ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔⅡ（ＫＳ＋）为载体的右末端片段的克隆（约４．２ｋｂ）,对其进行了序列测定和结构分析。该片段全长４１８３个碱基对（ｂｐ）,位于基因组右末端８７．３ｍ．ｕ．－１００ｍ．ｕ．。结果显示,该片段与哺乳动物腺病毒右末端Ｅ４区结构不同,与禽Ⅰ型腺病毒代表株ＣＥＬＯ右末端片段亦无同源性。本文为深入了解ＥＤＳＶ基因组结构特点,ＥＤＳＶ与其他腺病毒基因结构与功能的进化关系和ＥＤＳＶ载体的构建奠定了分子生物学基础     

Intranasal immunization with inactivated influenza virus enhances immune responses to coadministered simian-human immunodeficiency virus-like particle antigens

Intranasal immunization with inactivated influenza virus vaccine can provide protective immunity, whereas many other antigens are less effective when used for mucosal immunization. To determine whether influenza virus could enhance immune responses to an antigen coadministered to a mucosal surface, we studied the intranasal immunization of mice with a mixture of simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) virus-like particles (VLPs) and inactivated influenza virus. Compared to mice immunized with SHIV VLPs alone, mice coimmunized with SHIV VLPs and inactivated influenza virus showed significant increases in serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal IgA antibodies specific to the human immunodeficiency virus envelope protein, neutralizing activities, numbers of gamma interferon- and interleukin 4-secreting lymphocytes, and cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte activities. The levels of enhancement of immune response by coimmunization with inactivated influenza virus were equivalent to those induced by inclusion of immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG DNA). We also observed that SHIV VLPs bind to influenza virus virions, forming mixed aggregates. These results indicate that inactivated influenza virus can play a role as a mucosal adjuvant to coadministered antigens.     

蛋白质组学技术在植物类囊体膜蛋白研究中的应用

类囊体作为植物光合作用光反应的重要场所,在植物亚细胞蛋白质组学研究中倍受关注.介绍了植物蛋白质组学相关技术,包括双向凝胶电泳(2DE)、高效液相色谱(HPLC)、高效毛细管电泳(HPCE)、质谱(MS)和蛋白质组学数据库在植物类囊体膜蛋白研究中的应用.同时对类囊体膜蛋白质组学的研究趋势进行了探讨.     

Oligomeric Aβ-Induced Microglial Activation is Possibly Mediated by NADPH Oxidase

Recent studies have shown that oligomeric amyloid-β (oAβ) peptide can potentially activate microglia in addition to inducing more potent neurotoxicity compared with fibrillar Aβ (fAβ); however, its mechanisms of action remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate the possible mechanisms involved in the microglial activation induced by oAβ in BV-2 microglial cells. The results showed that oAβ induced activated properties of microglia, including higher proliferative capacity as well as increased production of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). NADPH oxidase inhibitors [diphenylene iodonium (DPI) and apocynin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone)] prevented the microglial activation induced by oAβ, suggesting that NADPH oxidase activation was involved in microglial activation. In addition, TNF-α and IL-1β, which are massively released by activated microglia, significantly induced the activation of microglia, thereby resulting in the production of NO and proliferation of microglia, respectively. These effects could be inhibited by diphenylene iodonium and apocynin, indicating a self-cycle regulated by NADPH oxidase in microglial activation in response to oAβ. In conclusion, microglial activation induced by oAβ is possibly mediated by NADPH oxidase, suggesting that oAβ, which is normally considered a neurotoxin, may also lead to indirect neuronal damage through the pro-inflammation activation of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease and that NADPH oxidase could be a potential target to prevent oAβ-induced inflammatory neurodegeneration.     

森林草莓SUN基因家族的鉴定及其对逆境的响应

SUN基因是调控植物生长发育的关键基因。本研究鉴定了二倍体森林草莓(Fragaria vesca)的SUN基因家族,并对各成员的理化性质、基因结构、系统进化以及基因表达进行了分析。结果表明,森林草莓有31个FvSUN基因,其编码蛋白可聚类为7个组,同一组内成员具有高度相似的基因结构与编码蛋白保守域;FvSUNs蛋白的亚细胞定位主要在细胞核中。共线性分析表明森林草莓FvSUNs基因家族主要通过染色体片段复制产生,拟南芥与森林草莓存在23对直系同源基因。利用森林草莓的转录组数据,对FvSUNs基因的组织表达特征进行分析,发现主要可归为3类：各组织均表达、组织中几乎不表达、组织特异性表达,并通过实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, qRT-PCR)进一步验证结果。此外,还对森林草莓进行不同的逆境胁迫处理,qRT-PCR分析了31个FvSUNs基因的表达情况,发现大部分基因均在不同程度上受低温、高盐或干旱胁迫的诱导表达。这些研究结果为深入揭示草莓SUN基因的生物学功能及其分子机制奠定了基础。     

首次报道中国北方Fonsecaea monophora所致着色芽生菌病1例及其相关实验研究

目的首次报道中国北方1例由Fonsecaea monophora所致着色芽生菌病。方法患者男性,58岁,主因"右腕部皮损伴瘙痒8~9a"就诊。对皮损脓液直接镜检,皮损组织病理检查,真菌培养,并对培养获得菌株进行形态学,分子生物学鉴定等实验室研究。结果脓液直接镜检可见多个圆形、厚壁、棕色硬壳细胞,皮损组织病理表现为慢性肉芽肿样改变,并可见硬壳小体。真菌培养可见暗棕色,橄榄色至黑色菌落生长,生长速度较慢,镜下可见枝孢型和喙枝孢型产孢。ITS区序列分析鉴定为Fonsecaea monophora。依据临床及实验室检查确诊该例为Fonsecaea monophora所致的着色芽生菌病。口服伊曲康唑200mg,1次/d;特比萘芬250mg,1次/d。治疗3个月后,皮损消退痊愈。结论 Fonsecaea monophora感染也可见于我国北方地区的着色芽生菌病患者,而ITS区序列分析是该菌种鉴定的重要手段,伊曲康唑联合特比萘芬治疗本例患者显示较好疗效。     

6个品种樱花在北京地区的适应性研究

为丰富北京地区樱花种植品种,选择大渔樱(Cerasus×kanzakura ‘Tairyo-zakura’)、修善寺寒樱(Cerasus×kanzakura ‘Rubescens’)、阳春(C. spachiana ‘Yoshun’)、天之川(C. serrulata ‘Erecta’)、兰兰(C. serrulata ‘Ranran’)、红华(C. serrulata ‘Kouka’)等6个品种樱花进行实验性种植。在田间观测的基础上,测定低温胁迫下根系脱氢酶活性、枝条脯氨酸含量,高温胁迫下叶片的电导率、可溶性蛋白含量。结果表明,6个品种中,随着温度下降,6个品种樱花根系脱氢酶还原量、枝条脯氨酸含量均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。大渔樱、修善寺寒樱、兰兰在-10 ℃时脱氢酶活性与脯氨酸含量达到最大值,阳春、天之川、红华在-15 ℃脱氢酶活性与脯氨酸含量达到最大值。6个品种的叶片相对电导率,均随着温度的上升不断升高。而叶片可溶性蛋白含量变化趋势,品种间差异较大。阳春、天之川、红华在北京地区适应性良好,大渔樱、修善寺寒樱、兰兰可在小环境较好的区域栽植。     

遮荫对青桐幼苗生长性状与化学计量特征的影响

营养元素含量及化学计量比可反映植物器官营养元素的分配及互作关系,亦可反映其营养利用效率及生长环境的养分限制状况.以青桐(Firmiana platanifolia)幼苗为材料,分析4种不同光强(全光照,50％、75％和95％遮荫)对青桐幼苗生长,C、N、P、K含量及其化学计量特征的影响.结果 表明:遮荫对青桐幼苗的生长...