溶液流动对等电溶菌酶晶体生长的影响

本文对等温自由生长和强制性溶液生长的等电溶菌酶的晶体形态进行了研究,发现这些形态变化与溶液相的流动密切相关,指出生物晶体生长停止是由于生长晶体周围的溶质贫乏造成的;通过某些手段减薄或消除这一溶质贫乏区,就可以保证晶体的持续生长。本文的研究对改善大尺寸晶体的生长提供了一条途径。     

6种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应与风险评价

【背景】近年来,土壤重金属污染问题日益凸显,对生态环境、食品安全和人体健康构成了严重威胁,其急性毒性尚未明确。【方法】采用滤纸接触法和人工土壤法测定了铜(Cu2+)、锌(Zn2+)、镍(Ni+)、镉(Cd2+)、铅(Pb2+)和锰(Mn2+)等6种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应,并参照欧盟指令91/414/EEC标准评价了其环境风险。【结果】滤纸接触法48h测定结果表明,6种重金属对蚯蚓的LC50为3.17(2.53～3.81)～90.42(69.45～140.47)μg.cm-2,其毒性次序为Cu2+>Zn2+>Ni+>Cd2+>Pb2+>Mn2+。人工土壤法14d测定结果表明,6种重金属对蚯蚓的LC50为1347(1236～1453)～6936(6144～8930)mg.kg-1,其毒性次序为Cu2+>Cd2+>Ni+>Zn2+>Mn2+>Pb2+。风险评价结果显示,Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni+、Cd2+、Pb2+和Mn2+等6种重金属的暴露比(toxicity/exposureratio,TER)分别为3.37、4.46、8.68、1428、13.87和5.85。【结论与意义】6种重金属对土壤动物蚯蚓均具有潜在的毒性效应。Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni+、Mn2+等4种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓存在急性毒性风险,而Cd2+和Pb2+对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性风险水平是可接受的。该评价结果可为我国制定基于风险的土壤环境质量标准提供依据。     

Promising properties of a formate dehydrogenase from a methanol-assimilating yeast Ogataea parapolymorpha DL-1 in His-tagged form

The cDNA gene coding for formate dehydrogenase (FDH) from Ogataea parapolymorpha DL-1 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme was purified by nickel affinity chromatography and was characterized as a homodimer composed of two identical subunits with approximately 40 kDa in each monomer. The enzyme showed wide pH optimum of catalytic activity from pH 6.0 to 7.0. It had relatively high optimum temperature at 65 °C and retained 93, 88, 83, and 71 % of its initial activity after 4 h of exposure at 40, 50, 55, and 60 °C, respectively, suggesting that this enzyme had promising thermal stability. In addition, the enzyme was characterized to have significant tolerance ability to organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide, n-butanol, and n-hexane. The Michaelis–Menten constant (K _m), turnover number (k _cat), and catalytic efficiency (k _cat/K _m) values of the enzyme for the substrate sodium formate were estimated to be 0.82 mM, 2.32 s^?1, and 2.83 mM^?1 s^?1, respectively. The K _m for NAD⁺ was 83 μM. Due to its wide pH optimum, promising thermostability, and high organic solvent tolerance, O. parapolymorpha FDH may be a good NADH regeneration catalyst candidate.     

基于数码相片Gamma校正的水稻叶面积指数估算

随着数码相机的日益普及,利用数码相机进行作物叶面积指数(LAI)测量不断得以应用。由于数码相机成像时会对入射光辐射强度进行Gamma编码变换,输出的相片DN(Digital Number)值与入射光辐射强度呈非线性关系,会造成在确定相片中植被叶片与背景的分割阈值时出现误差,并最终导致LAI估算存在较大不确定性。以水稻为研究对象,获取不同生长期水稻冠层相片并结合同步LAI 2000测量的LAI数据,基于相片Gamma校正原理,对水稻不同生长期冠层相片进行Gamma校正,在此基础上利用冠层孔隙率方法,估算不同生长期水稻LAI。结果表明,经过Gamma校正相片估算的水稻LAI总体精度有显著提高,相片估算的IMAGE LAI与LAI-2000测量值比较的决定系数达到0.71(P0.05)。在整个观测期内,两种方法观测的LAI值在时间变化趋势上表现一致,但在不同生长期内存在差别,在水稻分蘖期和拔节期相片估算的IMAGE LAI要高于LAI-2000测量值,孕穗期到抽穗期期间IMAGE LAI低于LAI-2000测量值,乳熟期到成熟期IMAGE LAI又高于LAI-2000的观测结果。     

温度对双纹须歧角螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内研究了温度对双纹须歧角螟Trichophysetis cretacea (Butler)生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,在19～31℃范围内,双纹歧角螟的发育速率随着温度的升高而加快;当温度超过31℃时,发育速率减慢。在各虫态中,蛹期的存活受温度变化的影响最大,35℃时蛹全部死亡。19℃、23℃、27℃、31℃和35℃下的世代存活率分别为87.1%、83.0%、85.2%、70.1%和0%。卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹及从卵至成虫的发育起点温度分别为9.08℃、8.95℃、7.80℃、9.09℃和8.86℃,有效积温分别为62.4、122.0、16.0、108.1和309.1日·度。成虫的寿命随温度的升高而缩短,27℃时成虫的产卵量最高,平均为91.3粒。19℃、23℃、27℃和31℃条件下,实验种群的净生殖率分别为31.0、41.8、46.7、0.8,内禀增长率分别为0.0813、0.1439、0.1710、-0.0094,平均世代周期分别为42.2、26.3、23.1和19.2天。     

水分胁迫对不同小麦品种光系统功能基因psbA、psbD及cab表达的影响

两种小麦品种绵农4号T r itic u m a e s ti v u m L.c v.M i a n n o n g N o.4和绵农5号T r itic u m a e s ti v u m L.c v.M i a n n o n g N o.5在渐进水分胁迫下相对含水量、质膜相对透性及光系统D C I P2,62二氯酚靛酚光化学还原活性变化的差异显示,绵农5号小麦比绵农4号小麦具有较高的水分胁迫耐受力.进而对比了水分胁迫对这两种耐旱性不同的小麦品种的光系统在基因转录及蛋白代谢等方面的影响.结果表明:渐进水分胁迫下,两种小麦的光系统主要基因p sb A、p sb D、c a b的转录本水平及其编码蛋白D1,D2、L H C的稳态含量分别下降20%及14%以上,而绵农5号c a b基因的转录水平下降程度39.5%与绵农4号61.8%相比明显缓慢,这可能是其具有较高耐旱性的一个重要原因.     

Structure and dynamics of nitrifier populations in a full-scale submerged membrane bioreactor during start-up

Changes of microbial characteristics in a full-scale submerged membrane bioreactor system (capacity, 60,000 m³ day⁻¹) treating sewage were monitored over the start-up period (96 days). Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showed that the percentages of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (nitrobacter-related population) in total bacteria counted with DAPI staining increased significantly from 1.9% and 0.9% to 4.5% and 2.8%, corresponding to an increase of the specific ammonium oxidizing rate (from 0.06 to 0.12 kg N kg⁻¹ mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) per day) and the specific nitrate forming rate (from 0.05 to 0.10 kg N kg⁻¹ MLSS day⁻¹). Both the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction and clone library results showed that the AOB was dominated by the genus Nitrosomonas, the diversity of which increased markedly with operational time. Most of the day 2 clones were closely related with the uncultured Nitrosomonas sp. clone Ninesprings-49S amoA gene (AY356450.1) originated from activated sludge, while the day 96 clone library showed a more diverse distribution characterized by the appearance of the oligotrophic nitrifiers like the Nitrosomonas oligotropha- and Nitrosomonas ureae-like bacteria, perhaps due to the interception by membrane and the low food-to-microorganisms ratio environment. The above results show that the membrane bioreactor system was characterized by the increased diversity and percentage of nitrifiers, which made it possible to achieve a stable and high efficient nitrification. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea with the changing population structures were also detected, but their roles for ammonia oxidation in the system need further studies.     

VdToxD1和VdToxD3调控大丽轮枝菌微菌核的萌发

大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae是一种土传性植物病原真菌,可侵染660多种植物,引发黄萎病。微菌核是大丽轮枝菌在侵染后期形成的特殊休眠结构,可在土壤中存活14年,是黄萎病的主要初侵染来源。本研究在前期大丽轮枝菌萌发与休眠微菌核转录组分析的基础上,选择微菌核休眠状态高表达的VdToxD1和VdToxD3基因进行功能研究。结果发现,VdToxD1和VdToxD3敲除突变体菌株的微菌核萌发率分别为87.3%和86.0%,显著高于野生型菌株的64.0%;负调控微菌核萌发的转录因子VdCrz1与VdToxD1上游的-937 bp到-349 bp中的特定基序结合,与VdToxD3上游的-752 bp到-496 bp中的特定基序结合,结合位点均位于2个基因的启动子区。     

青海野生黑果枸杞再生体系的建立及遗传稳定性分析

以野生黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)的无菌苗叶片作为外植体,建立了两条再生体系:一条是经愈伤组织再分化的间接再生体系,一条是不经愈伤组织再分化的直接再生体系。并采用流式细胞术(FCM)及ISSR分子标记技术对两种途径再生苗进行了遗传稳定性分析。结果表明:(1)最佳愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+1.5 mg·L-12,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D),诱导率达100%;最佳分化培养基为MS+1.5 mg·L-16-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-BA)+0.1 mg·L-1吲哚-3-丁酸(IBA),1 g愈伤组织上的平均不定芽数为39.4个。(2)叶片直接诱导不定芽的最佳培养基为MS+0.5 mg·L-16-BA+0.3 mg·L-1α-萘乙酸(NAA),不定芽诱导率为92.9%,每个外植体上平均不定芽数为18.1个。(3)两条途径再生的不定芽在不含植物生长调节剂的MS培养基上,2周内均可正常生根。(4)FCM结果显示亲本苗及2种再生苗均为二倍体。(5)ISSR分析表明,间接再生苗的平均遗传相似性系数为0.84,直接再生苗的平均遗传相似性系数为0.91,直接再生体系是一种更加快速高效的繁殖方法。     

Electron microscopy: essentials for viral structure, morphogenesis and rapid diagnosis

Electron microscopy(EM) should be used in the front line for detection of agents in emergencies and bioterrorism,on accounts of its speed and accuracy.However,the number of EM diagnostic laboratories has decreased considerably and an increasing number of people encounter difficulties with EM results.Therefore,the research on viral structure and morphology has become important in EM diagnostic practice.EM has several technological advantages,and should be a fundamental tool in clinical diagnosis of viruses,particularly when agents are unknown or unsuspected.In this article,we review the historical contribution of EM to virology,and its use in virus differentiation,localization of specific virus antigens,virus-cell interaction,and viral morphogenesis.It is essential that EM investigations are based on clinical and comprehensive pathogenesis data from light or confocal microscopy.Furthermore,avoidance of artifacts or false results is necessary to exploit fully the advantages while minimizing its limitations.