椰心叶甲啮小蜂复眼和触角在交配中的作用及其超微结构的扫描电镜观察

对寄生蜂交配行为的了解将有助于发展对其行为调控的技术,提高寄生蜂对害虫控制的效能。为探讨椰心叶甲啮小蜂Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière的复眼和触角在交配中的作用,用水溶性黑色素和液体石蜡分别涂抹该蜂复眼和触角后观察其交配行为,并利用扫描电镜（SEM）观察其复眼和触角的超微结构,分析雌、雄蜂触角感器的分布与数量差异。结果表明：椰心叶甲啮小蜂雄蜂的复眼在交配过程中起重要作用,雌蜂复眼作用不显著。在椰心叶甲啮小蜂求偶识别和接受过程中,雄蜂触角柄节部位起主要作用,其次是棒节部位,再次是鞭节的索亚节部位,而雌蜂触角鞭节索亚节部位起主要作用,然后是棒节部位,最后是柄节部位。扫描电镜观察表明椰心叶甲啮小蜂触角上共有8种感器,其中毛形感器和板形感器是主要感器,雌、雄蜂触角有明显的性二型现象,表现为触角大小不同及触角感器类型、大小、数量、分布不同。     

Carbohydrate residues downstream of the terminal Galalpha(1,3)Gal epitope modulate the specificity of xenoreactive antibodies

Carbohydrates are involved in many immunological responses including the rejection of incompatible blood, tissues and organs. Carbohydrate antigens with Galalpha(1,3)Gal epitopes are recognized by natural antibodies in humans and pose a major barrier for pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Genetically modified pigs have been established that have no functional alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT), which transfers alphaGal to N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) type oligosaccharides. However, a low level of Galalpha(1,3)Gal is still expressed in alpha1,3GT knockout animals in the form of a lipid, isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3), which is produced by iGb3 synthase on lactose (Lac) type core structures. Here, we define the reactivity of a series of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) generated in alpha1,3GT-/- mice immunized with rabbit red blood cells (RbRBC), as a rich source of lipid-linked antigens. Interestingly, one mAb (15.101) binds weakly to synthetic and cell surface-expressed Galalpha(1,3)Gal on LacNAc, but strongly to versions of the antigen on Lac cores, including iGb3. Three-dimensional models suggest that the terminal alpha-linked Gal binds tightly into the antibody-binding cavity. Furthermore, antibody interactions were predicted with the second and third monosaccharide units. Collectively, our findings suggest that although the terminal carbohydrate residues confer most of the binding affinity, the fine specificity is determined by subsequent residues in the oligosaccharide.     

Abdominal contents from two large early cretaceous compsognathids (dinosauria: theropoda) demonstrate feeding on confuciusornithids and dromaeosaurids

Two skeletons of the large compsognathid Sinocalliopteryx gigas include intact abdominal contents. Both specimens come from the Jianshangou Beds of the lower Yixian Formation (Neocomian), Liaoning, China. The holotype of S. gigas preserves a partial dromaeosaurid leg in the abdominal cavity, here attributed to Sinornithosaurus. A second, newly-discovered specimen preserves the remains of at least two individuals of the primitive avialan, Confuciusornis sanctus, in addition to acid-etched bones from a possible ornithischian. Although it cannot be stated whether such prey items were scavenged or actively hunted, the presence of two Confuciusornis in a grossly similar state of digestion suggests they were consumed in rapid succession. Given the lack of clear arboreal adaptations in Sinocalliopteryx, we suggest it may have been an adept stealth hunter.     

Change in microbial communities in acetate- and glucose-fed microbial fuel cells in the presence of light

Power densities produced by microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in natural systems are changed by exposure to light through the enrichment of photosynthetic microorganisms. When MFCs with brush anodes were exposed to light (4000 lx), power densities increased by 8–10% for glucose-fed reactors, and 34% for acetate-fed reactors. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that exposure to high light levels changed the microbial communities on the anodes. Based on 16S rRNA gene clone libraries of light-exposed systems the anode communities using glucose were also significantly different than those fed acetate. Dominant bacteria that are known exoelectrogens were identified in the anode biofilm, including a purple nonsulfur (PNS) photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, and a dissimilatory iron-reducing bacterium, Geobacter sulfurreducens. Pure culture tests confirmed that PNS photosynthetic bacteria increased power production when exposed to high light intensities (4000 lx). These results demonstrate that power production and community composition are affected by light conditions as well as electron donors in single-chamber air-cathode MFCs.     

华广虻肠道溶纤活性蛋白的纯化和性质(英文)

经过 75 %饱和度硫酸铵沉淀、SephadexG 75凝胶过滤层析、Lys Sepharose 4B亲和层析和电泳制备洗脱 ,从华广虻 (TabanusamaenusWalker)腹部组织匀浆液中分离纯化出分子量约为 6 7KD的溶纤活性蛋白TAFP。经纤维蛋白平板测定表明 ,TAFP不仅具有纤溶酶作用 ,还具有激活纤溶酶原的作用 ;通过三肽生色底物测定发现 ,TAFP能分解纤溶酶原激活剂的生色底物—ChromozymUK及S 2 2 88。还能水解胰蛋白酶专一底物Bz Phe Val Arg NA及CBZ Gly Pro Arg NA ,表明TAFP具有类胰蛋白酶活性 ,专一水解精氨酸形成的酰胺键 (或肽键 )。TAFP无胰凝乳蛋白酶活性     

人松弛素原样蛋白H2在大肠杆菌中的表达、分离纯化及鉴定

利用聚合酶链式反应方法 ,从含有人前松弛素原cDNA基因的质粒 pMALp2X-hRLXH2上得到人松弛素原H2的编码基因 ,亚克隆到温度诱导型原核表达载体pBV2 2 0上 ,转化大肠杆菌DH5α细胞。经 4 2℃温度诱导 ,获得了目的基因的高效表达。目的蛋白质以包含体的形式存在于大肠杆菌细胞中。菌体经过超声波破碎 ,包含体裂解 ,蛋白质的体外变性还原 ,复性 ,SephadexG 75凝胶过滤层析 ,反相快速蛋白质液相层析等一系列分离纯化过程 ,得到了高纯度的重组Met 人松弛素原样蛋白H2 ,得率约为 2～ 3mg/L。对纯化的目的蛋白质进行了SDS PAGE电泳纯度分析 ,氨基酸组成分析 ,通过基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱法测得目的蛋白质的分子量为 183 90 .4 (理论计算值为 183 92 .3 )。     

Comparative analysis of vascular endothelial cell activation by TNF-α and LPS in humans and baboons

As an Old World nonhuman primate, baboons have been extensively used for research on dyslipidemia and atherogenesis. With increasing knowledge about the endothelium's role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, the value of the baboon model can be increased by developing it for research on the role of dysfunctional endothelium in atherogenesis. Toward that goal, we have established and validated methods of isolating and culturing baboon femoral artery endothelial cells (BFAECs) and compared baboon endothelial cellular characteristics with those of humans. Our results indicated that baboon and human endothelial cells share similar growth and culture behaviors. As was the case for human endothelial cells, BFAECs responded to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α stimulation with increased expression of adhesion molecules (maximum increase for intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM): 1.76±0.26-fold; vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM): 1.65±0.25-fold; E-selectin: 2.86±0.57-fold). However, BFAECs were hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (range, 0.25–20 μg/mL) in adhesion molecule expression, whereas 1 μg/mL LPS induced 2.14- to 3.71-fold increases in human endothelial cells. The differential responses to LPS were not related to TLR-2 and toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 expression on the cell surface. And baboon microvascular endothelial cells had similar features as BFAECs. We observed constitutive expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in both human and baboon endothelial cells, and these cytokines were further induced by TNF-α and LPS. We also demonstrated that the responses to TNF-α or LPS varied among baboons maintained under the same dietary and environmental conditions, suggesting that response may be controlled by genetic factors.     

Mechanisms of mucosal and parenteral tuberculosis vaccinations: adenoviral-based mucosal immunization preferentially elicits sustained accumulation of immune protective CD4 and CD8 T cells within the airway lumen

The mechanisms underlying better immune protection by mucosal vaccination have remained poorly understood. In our current study we have investigated the mechanisms by which respiratory virus-mediated mucosal vaccination provides remarkably better immune protection against pulmonary tuberculosis than parenteral vaccination. A recombinant adenovirus-based tuberculosis (TB) vaccine expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85A (AdAg85A) was administered either intranasally (i.n.) or i.m. to mice, and Ag-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, including frequency, IFN-gamma production, and CTL, were examined in the spleen, lung interstitium, and airway lumen. Although i.m. immunization with AdAg85A led to activation of T cells, particularly CD8 T cells, in the spleen and, to a lesser extent, in the lung interstitium, it failed to elicit any T cell response in the airway lumen. In contrast, although i.n. immunization failed to effectively activate T cells in the spleen, it uniquely elicited higher numbers of Ag-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells in the airway lumen that were capable of IFN-gamma production and cytolytic activities, as assessed by an intratracheal in vivo CTL assay. These airway luminal T cells of i.n. immunized mice or splenic T cells of i.m. immunized mice, upon transfer locally to the lungs of naive SCID mice, conferred immune protection against M. tuberculosis challenge. Our study has demonstrated that the airway luminal T cell population plays an important role in immune protection against pulmonary TB, thus providing mechanistic insights into the superior immune protection conferred by respiratory mucosal TB vaccination.     

局灶性脑缺血再灌损伤时神经细胞内Ca~(2+)时空动态变化的实验研究

本文用插线法制作局灶性脑缺血／再灌损伤模型,利用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察活体脑片细胞内Ｃａ２＋的分布及动态变化,结果表明：（１）缺血／再灌时间不同,梗塞面积不同,缺血４小时梗塞面积占同侧半球的１６．３％,缺血４小时再灌２０小时梗塞面积增加到２５．９％,缺血２４小时梗塞面积占同侧半球的６０．４％。（２）本文首次观察到在缺血４小时纹状体区域的Ｃａ２＋变化明显高于皮层,并且再灌后皮层及纹状体区域Ｃａ２＋的含量明显增加