Pulmonary vascular reactivity and hemodynamic changes in elastase-induced emphysema in hamsters.

Changes in pulmonary hemodynamics and vascular reactivity in emphysematous hamsters were studied in an isolated lung preparation perfused at constant flow with blood and 3% dextran. Hamsters were treated with intratracheal porcine pancreatic elastase at 70 days of age, and experimental studies were conducted at 1, 3, and 8 mo after treatment. Baseline pulmonary arterial pressure in elastase-treated lungs was increased compared with saline-treated control lungs 1 mo after treatment, but this increase did not progress at 3 and 8 mo. Increases in pulmonary arterial pressure in elastase-treated lungs were temporally correlated with the morphological development of emphysema and right ventricular hypertrophy; both of these were evident at 1 mo after treatment and showed little change thereafter. Pressor responses to hypoxia and angiotensin II were not different between elastase-treated and control lungs at 1 and 3 mo. At 8 mo, however, pressor responses in emphysematous lungs to 0% O2 (but not to angiotensin II) were significantly increased. This was the result of a lack of the normal age-related fall in the hypoxic pressor response. Our results suggest that the right ventricular hypertrophy found in these emphysematous animals results from a chronically increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Furthermore, increases in pulmonary vascular resistance in the early development of emphysema are likely a result of the loss of vascular beds and supporting connective tissue.     

不同坡向高寒草甸土壤理化特性和微生物数量特征

阐明不同坡向草地土壤性质的空间分异格局,为退化草地的精准修复和科学管理提供参考。研究了青藏高原东缘高寒草甸退化草地不同坡向(北坡N、西北坡NW、西坡W、东坡E、东北坡NE、西南坡SW和南坡S)土壤理化性质和微生物数量特征。结果发现:从N→S坡向上,土壤有机质、碳氮比和全氮含量均呈下降趋势,土壤全磷含量和pH值在不同坡向间均无显著差异(P0.05),E坡向全磷含量最高((2.83±0.95)g/kg),NW坡向含量最低((2.07±0.12)g/kg);土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量变化呈波动现象,NW坡向的细菌((13.0×10~5±1.0×10~5)个/g)、真菌((14.0×10~3±0.0)个/g)和放线菌((24.0×10~4±1.0×10~4)个/g)数量最低,E坡向的细菌数量最高((85.5×10~5±2.5×10~5)个/g),S坡向的真菌((24.0×10~3±0.0)个/g)和放线菌((209.5×10~4±4.5×10~4)个/g)数量最高;回归分析表明,在E→S坡向上,随土壤含水量、有机质、碳氮比和全氮含量的增加,土壤细菌和放线菌数量均显著降低(P0.05),而土壤真菌数量随含水量、pH值、土壤养分含量的增加略有降低(P0.05)。可见,不同坡向高寒草甸土壤理化特征差异明显,也导致了土壤微生物数量分配格局的不同。     

长链非编码RNA LINC00885在人食管癌细胞中的作用研究

探讨长链非编码RNA LINC00885对人食管癌细胞EC109增殖、迁移与侵袭的影响。构建LINC00885基因过表达质粒（pcDNA3.1-LINC00885）和shRNA敲低质粒（pLKO.1-LINC00885）。分别采用集落形成实验检测EC109细胞增殖能力;划痕实验检测EC109细胞横向迁移能力;Transwell实验检测EC109细胞纵向迁移能力及侵袭能力;流式实验检测LINC00885对于细胞周期的调控;实时定量PCR方法检测LINC00885 mRNA转录水平;Western blot检测BMP7及上皮间充质转化（epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition,EMT）通路相关蛋白（VIMENTIN、β-catenim和ZO-1）表达水平。在过表达LINC00885的EC109细胞中,细胞的增殖能力、迁移能力及侵袭能力均显著增强,BMP7蛋白表达升高;而在敲低表达LINC00885的EC109细胞中,细胞的增殖能力、迁移能力与侵袭能力均显著降低,BMP7蛋白表达也随之降低。另外,在过表达LINC00885的EC109细胞中,EMT通路蛋白VI...     

丝绸之路经济带核心区新疆城镇建设用地扩展的时空演变特征及影响机理

将丝绸之路经济带核心区新疆城镇建设用地扩展作为一个时空变化系统进行分析,提取1980—2015年7个年份用地演变信息,结合10 km×10 km方格网构建,从总量趋势、分地州市级区域、分用地类型及特殊性全面认知扩展的时空演变特征,采用地理探测器模型,在县域尺度定量诊断城镇建设用地扩展的人文要素和自然要素的影响程度及各要素间的交互影响作用,进而识别其主控要素并探讨其作用机理,对比分析天山北坡城市群和喀什都市圈两个重点发展区域的分异性。研究结果表明:近35年以来,丝绸之路经济带核心区新疆城镇建设用地扩展约2.9倍,扩展强度波动增长且以分散小斑块为主,各地州市扩展规模和强度的时空差异性显著,次一级城镇建设用地类型扩展呈现动态变化特征,用地扩展受自然本底胁迫条件和经济社会发展过程多重影响有其特殊性;全域城镇建设用地在县域尺度以低水平扩展与各级人文要素和自然要素水平的耦合匹配关系为主;综合地理探测器因子分析模块和交互作用模块的探测结果,判定地形位指数、城镇化率、地形起伏度、二三产业比重为影响丝绸之路经济带核心区新疆县域城镇建设用地扩展的主控要素,并探寻各主控要素的作用机理;在重点发展区域天山北坡城市群和喀什都市圈的驱动要素有共性也有明显分异性。该研究为丝绸之路经济带核心区新疆城镇建设用地因地因城因类的差别化调控及区域可持续发展提供科学支撑和决策依据。     

A nonstructural protein encoded by a rice reovirus induces an incomplete autophagy to promote viral spread in insect vectors

Viruses can hijack autophagosomes as the nonlytic release vehicles in cultured host cells. However, how autophagosome-mediated viral spread occurs in infected host tissues or organs in vivo remains poorly understood. Here, we report that an important rice reovirus, rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) hijacks autophagosomes to traverse multiple insect membrane barriers in the midgut and salivary gland of leafhopper vector to enhance viral spread. Such virus-containing double-membraned autophagosomes are prevented from degradation, resulting in increased viral propagation. Mechanistically, viral nonstructural protein Pns11 induces autophagy and embeds itself in the autophagosome membranes. The autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5)-ATG12 conjugation is essential for initial autophagosome membrane biogenesis. RGDV Pns11 specifically interacts with ATG5, both in vitro and in vivo. Silencing of ATG5 or Pns11 expression suppresses ATG8 lipidation, autophagosome formation, and efficient viral propagation. Thus, Pns11 could directly recruit ATG5-ATG12 conjugation to induce the formation of autophagosomes, facilitating viral spread within the insect bodies. Furthermore, Pns11 potentially blocks autophagosome degradation by directly targeting and mediating the reduced expression of N-glycosylated Lamp1 on lysosomal membranes. Taken together, these results highlight how RGDV remodels autophagosomes to benefit viral propagation in its insect vector.     

Kindlin-2 promotes Src-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of androgen receptor and contributes to breast cancer progression

Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays important roles in breast cancer progression. We show here that Kindlin-2, a focal adhesion protein, is critically involved in the promotion of AR signaling and breast cancer progression. Kindlin-2 physically associates with AR and Src through its two neighboring domains, namely F1 and F0 domains, resulting in formation of a Kindlin-2-AR-Src supramolecular complex and consequently facilitating Src-mediated AR Tyr-534 phosphorylation and signaling. Depletion of Kindlin-2 was sufficient to suppress Src-mediated AR Tyr-534 phosphorylation and signaling, resulting in diminished breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Re-expression of wild-type Kindlin-2, but not AR-binding-defective or Src-binding-defective mutant forms of Kindlin-2, in Kindlin-2-deficient cells restored AR Tyr-534 phosphorylation, signaling, breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, re-introduction of phosphor-mimic mutant AR-Y534D, but not wild-type AR reversed Kindlin-2 deficiency-induced inhibition of AR signaling and breast cancer progression. Finally, using a genetic knockout strategy, we show that ablation of Kindlin-2 from mammary tumors in mouse significantly reduced AR Tyr-534 phosphorylation, breast tumor progression and metastasis in vivo. Our results suggest a critical role of Kindlin-2 in promoting breast cancer progression and shed light on the molecular mechanism through which it functions in this process.Subject terms: Cell signalling, Breast cancer     

黄河下游平原不同非农生境中植物多样性

自然、半自然等非农生境是区域农业景观的重要组成部分,对区域生物多样性保护具有重要意义。黄河下游平原区是典型的农业景观,农田是最主要的景观类型,林地、树篱等景观要素散布其中,为研究区内非农生境中生物多样性及其生态效应,采用典型样地法对区内典型农业景观中林地、树篱、田间道路和沟渠等主要非农生境中的植物群落进行调查研究。结果显示:区内植物组成以菊科、禾本科等为主;区内植物科的地理成分以世界分布和泛热带分布为主,各生境间有一定的差异,属的地理成分复杂,具有中国15个种子植物属分布型中的13个,以温带分布、世界分布和泛热带分布为主,总体上区内的植物组成以广布种为主,优势科属明显,特有种缺乏;各非农生境中的植物多样性存在一定的差异,林地和树篱生境具有较高的物种丰富度和多样性,显著高于田间道路,沟渠、林地和树篱生境中的物种均匀度和群落盖度均显著高于田间道路;β多样性分析表明田间道路生境中的群落组成分化程度在各样点间最大(β多样性指数最高);树篱、林地和田间道路等生境间群落相似性均较高,但其群落结构和优势种组成方面却存在显著的差异,沟渠作为一种特殊生境与其它生境间的群落相似性相对较低。研究表明,在黄河下游平原典型农业景观中,作为非农生境存在的林地和树篱在物种多样性维持中具有重要地位,沟渠为水生和湿生植物提供了庇护所,意义重大;各生境间高的群落相似性仅是物种组成名录相似性的反映,其空间格局和优势种群间差异明显,各生境植物群落的生态功能差异巨大。未来区内生物多样性的保护应重在生态系统过程、功能的加强以及生态系统服务的维持和提高,且需进一步在景观水平上探讨各非农景观要素的空间构型对其生态效益的影响机制及其调控和管理策略。     

AM真菌在草原生态系统中的功能

AM真菌是土壤生态系统中重要的微生物类群,能与陆地生态系统中80%以上的高等植物建立共生体系。目前,AM真菌在维持草原生态系统稳定性中的功能已经成为生态学研究的热点问题之一。基于此,从植物个体、种群、群落和生态系统等不同层次探究AM真菌在维持植物群落多样性和草原生态系统稳定性中的功能。分析发现在个体水平上,AM真菌对宿主植物具有促生效应、抑制效应或中性效应。在种群水平上,分析AM真菌对不同宿主植物吸收土壤矿质营养的分配和调控策略,围绕构成草原植被的两大组成成分:牧草和有毒植物,论述AM真菌对植物种群增长和衰败的调控机制,并从草原植物群落的物种多样性和稳定性角度,探讨AM真菌与植物群落之间的相关性。在生态系统水平上,围绕AM真菌对草原生态系统的演替和退化草原的修复等展开论述,以期为利用AM真菌开展草原生态系统保护和恢复治理提供理论依据,并对草原菌根生态学领域未来的研究进行展望。     

核桃凋落叶分解对小麦生长及生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了核桃(Juglans regia)凋落叶分解对小麦(Triticum aestivum)生长及抗氧化酶系统、渗透调节物质含量的影响。试验设置A1(30 g/盆)、A2(60 g/盆)、A3(90 g/盆)和对照(CK)4个凋落叶水平,将各处理的凋落叶分别与8 kg土壤混合后装盆。同时设置补充试验,将称好的核桃凋落叶蒸煮12 h,先后用80%丙酮和乙醇充分浸泡24 h,再蒸煮12 h,其他处理方法和条件相同,观测分析浸提蒸煮后的核桃凋落叶在施入土壤后对受体植物的影响。结果表明:核桃凋落叶分解(0—160 d)明显抑制了小麦茎秆地径、茎高、株高、地上部分干重,并随凋落叶量的增加抑制作用增强;随凋落叶量的增加,75—115 d小麦叶片超氧化物歧化酶SOD活性增强,但过氧化氢酶CAT和过氧化物酶POD活性显著低于CK但各凋落叶处理之间变化不明显;75—95 d小麦叶片丙二醛MDA含量变化不明显,115 d时随凋落叶量增加MDA含量显著增加;75—115 d随凋落叶量的增加可溶性糖含量显著增加,但可溶性蛋白含量呈现出下降的趋势;各处理凋落叶对小麦的化感综合效应CE均表现为抑制效应,0—115 d抑制效应增强,115 d后抑制效应减弱,这是由于核桃凋落叶在土壤中分解释放的有害次生代谢物质已明显减少;在补充试验中,各处理间无明显形态差别,CK、B1(30 g/盆)和B2(60 g/盆)水平下各生长指标差异不显著(P0.05),B3(90 g/盆)水平下化感效应指数RI的绝对值与A3相比明显减小,表明在一定的凋落叶施入量范围内,其对土壤物理性质的影响和对小麦根系生长的物理阻隔不会显著抑制小麦的生长。综合各项指标,表明核桃凋落叶分解过程中释放的次生代谢物质显著抑制了小麦生长和生理特性。