一个新的产氢细菌的鉴定及产氢特性的研究

利用Hungate滚管技术从福建省漳州垃圾处理厂厌氧消化器的颗粒污泥中分离到一株产氢的细菌L15。菌株L15为严格厌氧的革兰氏阳性杆菌,菌体大小为0.5μm～0.7μm×2.5μm～5.0μm,以侧生鞭毛运动。在孢肉培养基上产生端生的卵圆形芽孢。温度生长范围15℃～45℃（最适温度30℃～37℃）;pH 范围5.0～8.4（最适pH 6.3～6.8）。该菌株不水解明胶和七叶灵,不还原硫酸盐,牛奶变酸但不凝固,发酵多糖和少数的单糖、双糖和寡糖;发酵葡萄糖的最终产物为乙酸、丁酸、H2和CO2。G+C含量为298mol%。16S rDNA序列分析表明,该菌株属于梭菌的簇Ⅰ,与Clostridium paraputrificum较为接近（相似性为97.1%）。通过生理特征和16S rDNA序列的同源性分析,表明菌株L15应是梭菌属簇Ⅰ中的一个新种,命名为Clostridium defluvii。菌株L15保藏在中国普通微生物菌种保藏中心,保藏号为AS1.3489。菌株L15的最佳产氢温度为34℃、pH为7.0。当葡萄糖浓度为0.4%时,氢气产率可达到1.41mol H2/mol 葡萄糖。该菌可利用下列底物产酸产氢,括号内为产氢率(底物浓度1%)：果糖(1.00mol H2/mol)、麦芽糖(2.17mol H2/mol)、蔗糖(1.69mol H2/mol)、菊糖(4.70mol H2/mol)、糖原(5.49mmol H2/g)、淀粉(7.34mmol H2/g)。     

环境变化对中国野生蜜蜂多样性的影响

蜜蜂尤其是野生蜜蜂对维持生态系统功能、保证粮食安全等方面具有重要的作用。近年来, 野生蜜蜂的栖息地由于天然林减少, 而现营造的又多为纯林, 以及大面积种植单一经济林而遭到了严重破坏和片断化。已有研究表明纯林、油茶(Camellia oleifera)和橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)经济林中的野生蜜蜂多样性较低。现代农业中新烟碱类杀虫剂、除草剂的大规模使用, 会对蜜蜂个体发育和行为产生不利影响。城市化进程潜在影响了蜜蜂的群落, 如郊区的蜜蜂平均物种丰富度要明显高于中心商业区; 废水、废气和粉尘对蜜蜂的觅食、生长发育等都具有不利影响; CO₂等温室气体导致的气候变暖影响了传粉蜜蜂与植物之间的互利共生关系, 造成时间或功能上的不匹配。综上所述, 我国的环境变化可能已导致中国野生传粉蜜蜂多样性的下降和种群的衰退。我国虽是传粉蜜蜂种质资源大国, 但缺乏种类和分布本底以及长期而有效的监测数据, 缺乏对蜜蜂多样性和种群下降机制的研究。因此亟待开展传粉蜜蜂调查、实施长期监测项目, 为之建立研究网络。并通过积累丰富的相关数据, 开展风险预测和评估, 用于管理和缓解传粉蜜蜂下降所带来的经济及非经济影响。     

Breeding bacterial blight-resistant hybrid rice with the cloned bacterial blight resistance gene Xa21

The cloned bacterial blight (BB) resistance gene Xa21 was transferred into Minghui63, a widely used restorer line of indica hybrid rice in China, through an Agrobacterium-mediated system. Molecular and resistance analyses revealed that the Xa21 gene was integrated in the genomes of transgenic plants and their progeny inherited resistance stably. For the purpose of hybrid breeding, Xa21 transgenic homozygous restorer lines were selected through `within-lane' dosage comparison of hybridization signal in combination with PCR and resistance analyses. The selected transgenic restorer lines were then crossed with a commonly used sterile line, Zhenshan97A, to produce Xa21 transgenic hybrid rice, Shanyou63-Xa21. The hybrid rice plants with Xa21 displayed high broad-spectrum resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) races and maintained elite agronomic characters of Shanyou63. The propagation of this BB-resistant hybrid variety with Xa21 will benefit rice production.     

Environmental Supply Chain Cooperation and Its Effect on the Circular Economy Practice‐Performance Relationship Among Chinese Manufacturers

Due to resource scarcity and environmental degradation, a new development concept emphasizing environmental concerns, called the circular economy (CE), has been enacted in legislation in China. This environmental management concept can be implemented at three levels, namely, region, industrial zone, and individual enterprise, with the objective of boosting economic development while lessening environmental and resource challenges. Environmental supply chain cooperation (ESCC), an approach that utilizes customer and supplier cooperation in environmental management, has been initiated among Chinese enterprises. Using survey data collected from 396 Chinese manufacturers, we examine the role of ESCC practices in influencing the relationship between implementing CE practices and the achievement of performance outcomes by testing the moderation and mediation effects of ESCC practices on the CE practice‐performance relationship through hierarchical regression analysis. Our data analyses indicate that ESCC practices are useful by moderation and, in some cases, essential by mediation, for Chinese manufacturers seeking to realize the performance targets desired in CE practices. The results highlight the need for Chinese manufacturers to improve supply chain coordination in their implementation of CE. On the policy side, our research findings suggest that ESCC practices are beneficial and, in some cases, necessary for the development of CE in China.     

Contraction of fibroblast-containing collagen gels: Initial collagen concentration regulates the degree of contraction and cell survival

Remodeling of extracellular matrix involves a number of steps including the recruitment, accumulation, and eventual apoptosis of parenchymal cells as well as the production, organization, and rearrangement of extracellular matrix produced by these cells. The culture of fibroblasts in three-dimensional gels made of type I collagen has been used as a model of tissue contraction which characterizes both wound repair and fibrosis. The current study was designed to determine the effect of initial collagen concentration on the ability of fibroblasts to contract collagen gels and on cell survival. Native type I collagen was extracted from rat tail tendons and used to prepare collagen gels with varying collagen concentrations (0.75-2.0 mg/ml). Human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) were cast into the gels and cultured in Dulbecco modified Eagle medium with 0.1% fetal calf serum for 2 wk. The gel size, collagen content, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content were determined. Gels prepared with an initial concentration of 0.75 mg/ml contracted more rapidly and to a smaller final size than gels prepared from 2 mg/ml initial collagen concentration (final size 7.1 versus 36.4% of initial size, P < 0.01). There was no significant degradation of the collagen in the gels under either condition. Hence, the dramatically increased contraction of the lower density gels resulted in a higher final density (P < 0.01). Cell density was estimated from DNA content. In low initial density gels, the final DNA content was significantly less than that in higher initial density gels (0.73 versus 1.88 microg/gel, P < 0.05). This was accompanied by an increased percentage of apoptotic cells at day 14 (43.3 versus 34.1%, P < 0.05). If the gels were maintained in the attached state which largely prevents contraction, apoptosis was significantly reduced, suggesting that contraction rather than matrix composition was a requirement for the increased apoptosis. In summary, these findings indicate that the initial matrix composition can lead to differing outcomes during fibroblast-mediated wound contraction.     

Optimization of a series of quinazolinone-derived antagonists of CXCR3

The evaluation of the CXCR3 antagonist AMG 487 in clinic trials was complicated due to the formation of an active metabolite. In this Letter, we will discuss the further optimization of the quinazolinone series that led to the discovery of compounds devoid of the formation of the active metabolite that was seen with AMG 487. In addition, these compounds also feature increased potency and good pharmacokinetic properties. We will also discuss the efficacy of the lead compound 34 in a mouse model of cellular recruitment induced by bleomycin.     

一株广谱中和抗原性出血热病毒株的发现

一株分离自杭州市褐家鼠的出血热病毒Gou_3株的免疫血清对10株I型病毒的中和滴度除二株为160外均为320,而对4株Ⅱ型病毒的滴度为320—640,说明Gou_3株免疫血清对两型毒株中和效价大多数无差异或只差2倍,是一株中和抗原广谱的毒株。用I型和Ⅱ型毒株免疫血清对Gou_3株进行型别检定结果表明Gou_3株是Ⅱ型病毒。