EFFECTS OF HELPER PROTEINS ENCODED BY p19 AND orf1-orf2 GENES ON Cyt1Aa PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN ACRYSTALLIFEROUS STRAIN OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS

A series of plasmids were constructed to examine the effects of p19 and orf1‐orf2 genes from Bacillus thuringiensis on Cyt1Aa synthesis and inclusion formation. The plasmids expressed the cyt1Aa gene along with either p19 or orf1‐orf2, or each of them coordinatively with p20 in the acrystalliferous strain of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis 4Q7. No effect on the expression of Cyt1Aa protein was found when P19 or Orf1‐Orf2 co‐expressed with Cyt1Aa. However, when including p20 gene, the constructs with p19 or orf1‐orf2 gene produced lower yield of Cyt1Aa proteins than without p19 or orf1‐orf2 gene. Electron microscopy observation and bioassay showed that P19 and Orf1‐Orf2 have no influence on the crystal size and toxicity of Cyt1Aa protein. It is presumed that P19 and Orf1‐Orf2 might have negative effects on Cyt1Aa synthesis in B. thuringiensis.     

浙江海岛盐生植被研究Ⅱ──天然植被类型及开发利用

天然盐生植被是海岛盐生植被的主体,类型丰富,分布广泛,在海岛植被的研究及开发利用中占据重要地位。目前,天然盐生植被的分类尚无统一标准与系统。本文根据作者1990～1993年在浙江海岛用样方法(Ｈ.ＶｏｎＰｏｓｔ,1851;陈彦卓,1965)测定的样地数据,参照《中国植被》的分类方法,根据群落的外貌与结构、生态地理、动态和种类组成等特征进行分类,其中对群系级单位侧重于种类组成,并采用建群植物的重要值(Ｊ.Ｔ.ＣｕｒｔｉｓａｎｄＲ.Ｐ.ＭｃＩｎｔｏｓｈ,1951)作为分类的定量指标。据此,浙江海岛天然盐生植被可划分为3个植被型、8个群系组、18…     

质体在非均衡分裂下传递分配的概率

质体非均衡分裂时,其传递和分配情况复杂,重组状态多。本文分析了突变质体在各种分配情况下得到的概率,条件概率、联合概率和一细胞至少含m_0个突变质体的概率公式及计算示例。讨论了它们在生物学中的重要意义。     

肿瘤坏死因子－α（TNF－α）及白细胞介素1β（IL1－β）对胶质增生的影响及机理

本文利用小鼠大脑机械损伤模型及体外培养的胶质细胞,采用同位素渗入法观察了细胞介素及其抗体对胶质细胞增生的影响。结果表明：体外培养时ＴＮＦ－α在浓度为１０～２００ｕ／ｍｌ培养液时均能促进胶质细胞增生（Ｐ＜０．０５）,ＩＬ１－β在浓度为５～２００ｕ／ｍｌ培养液时能促进胶质细胞增生,ＴＮＦ－α＋ＩＬ１－β其促进胶质细胞增生作用更强烈,ＴＮＦ－α抗体能完全阻断ＴＮＦ－α的促增生作用,部分阻断ＴＮＦ－α＋ＩＬ１－β的促增生作用。在体实验时,ＩＬ１－β及ＴＮＦ－α的作用与离体时相似,ＩＬ１－β及ＴＮＦ－α亦能促进胶质细胞增生,二者共同作用时促细胞增生作用更强。以上结果提示,外源性ＴＮＦ－α及ＩＬ１－β能促进中枢神经损伤后胶质细胞增生且具有协同作用。     

Characterization of phospholipase A2 activation by plasmin in cultured bovine endothelial cells

Treatment of cultured bovine carotid artery endothelial cells with 0.1 µM human plasmin has been reported to induce a receptor-mediated short burst of arachidonate release, which is a pertussis toxin-sensitive and extracellular calcium-dependent reaction. Plasmin-induced calcium influx in cells was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with pertussis toxin, indicating that the former was coupled with a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanosine 5-triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein. Plasmin significantly induced the formation of lysophosphatidylcholine but not lysophosphatidylethanolamine. A cellular phospholipase A₂ with an arachidonyl specificity at the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine, which required submicromolar calcium, was identified as a cytosolic phospholipase A₂ by immunoblot analysis. By a cell-free enzyme activity assay and immunoblot analysis, plasmin was found to induce a translocation of the cytosolic phospholipase A₂ from the cytosol to the membrane. Taken together, the results suggest that plasmin bound to its putative receptor and activated a GTP-binding protein coupled to calcium influx channel, followed by translocation and activation of cytosolic phospholipase A₂ in endothelial cells.     

The allometry of algal respiration

For 30 years, study after study has shown that respiration ratesincrease as {small tilde}0.75 of body size for organisms rangingfrom protozoans to mammals. However, a number of studies suggestedthat the respiration-size relationship for algae may be a rareexception to this general rule. Algal respiration may be almostproportional to cell size, such that the slope of the respiration-sizerelationship is closer to unity. The present study examinedthe effect of cell size and taxon on phytoplankton respiration,using data collected from the literature. To this end, we collecteda data set of 178 observations of algal respiration and cellsize representing six divisions-chlorophytes. chrysophytes,cyanophytes, euglenophytes, pyrrophytes and rhodophytes. Therelationship between respiration (R, in p1 O₂ cell^–1 h^–1)and cell carbon content (C, in pg C cell^–1) is describedas R = 0.030C^{0 93} and the exponent is significantly >3/4.When we expressed cell size in terms of volume, the exponentdecreased to 0.88 but this is still significantly >3/4. Amongthe six divisions studied, chlorophytes, euglenophytes and rhodophytesseemed to differ significantly in their respiration-size relationshipfrom other taxa. However, euglenophytes and rhodophytes havesuch small size ranges that no meaningful relationships canbe developed for those groups alone. The chlorophyte respiration-sizerelationship has obvious patterns in its residuals which mayindicate that significant sources of error were not controlledin these heterogeneous data. Thus, for the present, the generalmodel seems most appropriate for the prediction of respirationrates of phytoplankton.     

Process monitoring of acetic acid in Escherichia coli cultivation using electrochemical detection in a flow injection system

A flow-injection system for determination of acetic acid in Escherichia coli cultivations with electrochemical detection based on immobilized acetate kinase (AK), pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was developed to cope with the problems related to measurements under process conditions such as interferences from pyruvate, drift of electrode baseline and making the cultivation medium and reagents compatible. The results obtained by flow injection analysis were compared with those obtained with an enzymatic test kit.     

Reovirus variants selected during persistent infections of L cells contain mutations in the viral S1 and S4 genes and are altered in viral disassembly.

Reoviruses isolated from persistently infected cultures (PI viruses) can grow in the presence of ammonium chloride, a weak base that blocks acid-dependent proteolysis of viral outer-capsid proteins during viral entry into cells. We used reassortant viruses isolated from crosses of wild-type (wt) reovirus strain, type 1 Lang, and three independent PI viruses, L/C, PI 2A1, and PI 3-1, to identify viral genes that segregate with the capacity of PI viruses to grow in cells treated with ammonium chloride. Growth of reassortant viruses in ammonium chloride-treated cells segregated with the S1 gene of L/C and the S4 gene of PI 2A1 and PI 3-1. The S1 gene encodes viral attachment protein sigma1, and the S4 gene encodes outer-capsid protein sigma3. To identify mutations in sigma3 selected during persistent reovirus infection, we determined the S4 gene nucleotide sequences of L/C, PI 2A1, PI 3-1, and four additional PI viruses. The deduced amino acid sequences of sigma3 protein of six of these PI viruses contained a tyrosine-to-histidine substitution at residue 354. To determine whether mutations selected during persistent infection alter cleavage of the viral outer capsid, the fate of viral structural proteins was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after treatment of virions of wt and PI viruses with chymotrypsin in vitro. Proteolysis of PI virus outer-capsid proteins sigma3 and mu1C occurred with faster kinetics than proteolysis of wt virus outer-capsid proteins. These results demonstrate that mutations in either the S1 or S4 gene alter acid-dependent disassembly of the reovirus outer capsid and suggest that increased efficiency of proteolysis of viral outer-capsid proteins is important for maintenance of persistent reovirus infections of cultured cells.     

罗汉果双受精过程的细胞学观察

罗汉果（Ｓｉｒａｉｔｉａｇｒｏｓｖｅｎｏｒｉ（Ｓｗｉｎｇｌｅ）Ｃ．Ｊｅｍｅｙ）双受精过程属有丝分裂前配子融合类型,授粉后２４～４８ｈ,花粉管进入胚囊,穿过一个助细胞,放出两个精子。雌雄核融合和雄核与次生核融合同时发生在授粉后６２～７２,雄核与次生核融合速度快于配子融合,７２ｈ后即可见到初生胚乳核分裂。合子中的雌雄核仁在授粉后第５～６ｄ融合,授粉后８～９ｄ合成分裂形成二细胞胚。在双受精过程中,多次观察到有多条花粉管进入胚囊和多精入极核现象。原胚期有附加花粉管从珠孔进入。